Abstract
Maintaining integrity of the skin and its appendages still preserves its top-ranking in priorities of survival for the modern human as it probably once did for the ancient individual, −not only- because it is the primary barrier to external assaults, but also because of social and psychological impact of healthy skin during their life-span. Healing wounds in order to shield off the internal organs from infections and damage, restoring its ability to adapt to various environmental stimuli, and slowing-down and reversing aging of the skin in the quest for an everlasting youth can be named as a few of the main drivers behind the multi-million investments dedicated to the advancement of our understanding of skin’s physiology. Over the years, these tremendous efforts culminated in the breakthrough discovery of skin stem cells the regenerative capacity of which accounted for the resilience of the skin through their unique capacity as a special cell type that can both self-renew and differentiate into various lineages. In this review, first we summarize the current knowledge on this amazing organ both at a structural and functional level. Next, we provide a comprehensive -in depth- discussion on epidermal as well as dermal stem cells in terms of the key regulatory pathways as well as the main genetic factors that have been implicated in the orchestration of the skin stem cell biology in regards to the shifts between quiescence and entry into distinct differentiation programs.
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Abbreviations
- AEG:
-
Apoeccrine Sweat Glands
- APM:
-
Arrector Pili Muscle
- BCCs:
-
Basal Cell Carcinomas
- BMP:
-
Bone Morphogenetic Protein
- BMPs:
-
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins
- Brdurd:
-
Bromodeoxyuridine
- Bu-SC:
-
Bulge Lack Bulge Stem Cell
- CGRP:
-
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide
- CSCs:
-
Cancer Stem Cells
- DETCs:
-
Dendritic Epidermal Γδ T Cells
- DP:
-
Dermal Papilla
- DP:
-
Dermal Papilla
- DS:
-
Dermal Sheath
- DSCs:
-
Dermal Stem Cells
- E6:
-
Embryonic Week 6
- EGFR:
-
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor
- FGF-7:
-
Fibroblast Growth Factor 7
- GSI:
-
Gamma Secretase İnhibitor
- GVHD:
-
Graft Versus Host Disease
- HF:
-
Hair Follicle
- HFSC:
-
Hair Follicular Stem Cell
- Hh/Ptc:
-
Hedgehog/Patched
- H3K27:
-
Histone H3 Lys
- Hox:
-
Homeobox
- Hescs:
-
Human Embryonic Stem Cells
- EPI-Ncscs:
-
Human Epidermal Neural Crest Stem Cells
- IRS:
-
Inner Root Sheath
- IGF-1:
-
Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1
- IFE:
-
Interfollicular Epidermis
- IFs:
-
Intermediate Filaments
- K14:
-
Keratin 14
- K5:
-
Keratin 5
- LRCs:
-
Label Retaining Cells
- LLP:
-
Lower Permanent Portion
- M-SCs:
-
Melanocyte Stem Cells
- MSCs:
-
Mesenchymal Stem Cells
- NKC:
-
Natural Killer Cell
- NID:
-
Notch İntracellular Domain
- ORS:
-
Outer Root Sheath
- PSU:
-
Pilosebaceous Unit
- PDGF-Alpha:
-
Platelet-Derived-Growth-Factor Alpha
- SOA:
-
Solid Organ Allograft
- SOT:
-
Solid Organ Transplantation
- SCCs:
-
Squamous Cell Carcinomas
- TGF Alpha:
-
Transforming Growth Factor Alpha
- TACS:
-
Transiently Amplifying Cells
- Wg/Wnt/Catenin:
-
Wingless/Armadillo
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Deniz, A.A.H., Abdik, E.A., Abdik, H., Aydın, S., Şahin, F., Taşlı, P.N. (2019). Zooming in across the Skin: A Macro-to-Molecular Panorama. In: Turksen, K. (eds) Cell Biology and Translational Medicine, Volume 8. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology(), vol 1247. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2019_442
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