Abstract
Solid tumors, including breast carcinomas, are heterogeneous but typically characterized by elevated cellular turnover and metabolism, diffusion limitations based on the complex tumor architecture, and abnormal intra- and extracellular ion compositions particularly as regards acid-base equivalents. Carcinogenesis-related alterations in expression and function of ion channels and transporters, cellular energy levels, and organellar H+ sequestration further modify the acid-base composition within tumors and influence cancer cell functions, including cell proliferation, migration, and survival. Cancer cells defend their cytosolic pH and HCO3− concentrations better than normal cells when challenged with the marked deviations in extracellular H+, HCO3−, and lactate concentrations typical of the tumor microenvironment. Ionic gradients determine the driving forces for ion transporters and channels and influence the membrane potential. Cancer and stromal cells also sense abnormal ion concentrations via intra- and extracellular receptors that modify cancer progression and prognosis. With emphasis on breast cancer, the current review first addresses the altered ion composition and the changes in expression and functional activity of ion channels and transporters in solid cancer tissue. It then discusses how ion channels, transporters, and cellular sensors under influence of the acidic tumor microenvironment shape cancer development and progression and affect the potential of cancer therapies.
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Abbreviations
- CA:
-
Carbonic anhydrase
- CHP:
-
Calcineurin B homologous protein
- EIPA:
-
5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)-amiloride
- PD-L1:
-
Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1
- pHi:
-
Intracellular pH
- pHo :
-
Extracellular pH
- PMCA:
-
Plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase
- RPTPγ:
-
Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase γ
- SERCA:
-
Sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase
- TNF:
-
Tumor necrosis factor
- TRP:
-
Transient receptor potential
- VEGF:
-
Vascular endothelial growth factor
- WNK:
-
With-no-lysine
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Acknowledgements
Related research in the author’s laboratory is financially supported by the Independent Research Fund Denmark (no. 7025-00050B), the Novo Nordisk Foundation (no. NNF18OC0053037), and the Danish Cancer Society (no. R269-A15761 and R146-A9461).
Conflicts of Interest
Ebbe Boedtkjer is inventor on patents and patent applications covering NBCn1 as target for cancer therapy.
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Boedtkjer, E. (2021). Ion Channels, Transporters, and Sensors Interact with the Acidic Tumor Microenvironment to Modify Cancer Progression. In: Stock, C., Pardo, L.A. (eds) From Malignant Transformation to Metastasis. Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, vol 182. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/112_2021_63
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