Abstract
Tuning microstructures by adding nanoparticles is a promising way of improving the performance of cementitious composites. In this study, nanoclay was introduced to polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber reinforced ultra high toughness cementitious composites (UHTCCs). The mechanical properties, crack patterns, water permeation resistance, and microstructures of UHTCCs with different dosages of nanoclay were studied. The addition of a proper dosage of nanoclay shows few effects on the compressive strength of UHTCCs, however, the compressive strength is decreased when an excessive amount of nanoclay is added. The flexural deformation capacity of UHTCCs is independent of nanoclay dosage, whereas the flexural strength generally decreases with an increasing dosage of nanoclay. Different cracking patterns were observed in the ultra high toughness cementitious composites containing nanoclay (NC-UHTCC) specimens subject to bending tests. A UHTCC with 1% (in weight) nanoclay shows the best water permeation resistance and the lowest water permeability. Variations in the mechanical properties and the water permeation resistance of UHTCCs containing different dosages of nanoclay could be ascribed to the synthetic effects of filling and heterogeneous nucleation of nanoclay at low dosages and the agglomeration effect of nanoclay at high dosages. This study is to optimize the water permeation resistance of UHTCCs, paving a path for the future application of UHTCCs in the fields of construction, decoration, and repair.
概要
目的
1. 通过添加纳米级粘土以调节超高韧性水泥基复合材料 (UHTCC) 的微观结构, 从而提高其抗渗性能. 2. 研究不同用量的纳米级粘土对 UHTCC 的力学性能、裂纹形态、孔结构、孔隙率及渗透性的影响规律, 并阐释其抗渗机理.
创新点
1. 通过控制纳米级粘土的掺量, 在不明显降低抗压强度的前提下, 明显改善 UHTCC 的抗渗性能; 2. 通过综合分析孔结构、试件受弯裂缝和跨中挠度等, 揭示粘土掺量对 UHTCC 的力学性能及抗渗性能的影响规律.
方法
综合利用轴压试验、四点弯曲试验、抗渗试验、压汞试验和扫描电镜微观观测, 系统分析纳米粘土用量对 UHTCC 的抗压强度、弯曲性能、孔结构及抗渗性能的影响, 并尝试阐明抗渗性能提升机理.
结论
1. 添加质量分数为 1%的纳米级粘土对 UHTCC 的抗压强度几乎没有影响; 超过该用量, 材料的抗压强度将随粘土用量的增加而逐渐降低; 当纳米级粘土的添加量从 0%增加到 6%时, 弯曲强度从约 10 MPa 降低到约 6 MPa, 但所有 UHTCC 的最大跨中挠度基本相同, 约为 5 mm, 说明适当掺量的纳米级粘土不会降低 UHTCC 的弯曲变形能力. 2. 添加了 1% 纳米级粘土的 UHTCC 的孔隙率最小 (为31.75%), 阈值孔径为 183.13 nm, 抗渗压力最大 (为1.8 MPa), 且渗透时间最大 (为 19 h); 其优异的抗渗性能可归因于纳米级粘土的填充和异质形核效应. 3. 分散良好的纳米级粘土薄片使水分子渗透路径变得曲折, 从而延长了渗水路程, 但过量的纳米级粘土 (>2%) 会导致纳米团聚, 并形成团簇缺陷, 从而恶化抗渗性能.
Similar content being viewed by others
Reference
Allen AJ, Thomas JJ, Jennings HM, 2007. Composition and density of nanoscale calcium-silicate-hydrate in cement. Nature Materials, 6(4):311–316. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1871
Aly M, Hashmi MSJ, Olabi AG, et al., 2011. Effect of nano clay particles on mechanical, thermal and physical behaviours of waste-glass cement mortars. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 528(27):7991–7998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2011.07.058
Amiri O, Aït-Mokhtar A, Sarhani M, 2005. Tri-dimensional modelling of cementitious materials permeability from polymodal pore size distribution obtained by mercury intrusion porosimetry tests. Advances in Cement Research, 17(1):39–45. https://doi.org/10.1680/adcr.2005.17.1.39
AQSIQ (State General Administration of the People’s Republic of China for Quality Supervision and Inspection and Quarantine), 2005. Fly Ash Used for Cement and Concrete, GB/T 1596–2005. Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, China (in Chinese).
AQSIQ (State General Administration of the People’s Republic of China for Quality Supervision and Inspection and Quarantine), 2007. Common Portland Cement, GB175-2007. Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, China (in Chinese).
Bastos G, Patiño-Barbeito F, Patiño-Cambeiro F, et al., 2016. Nano-inclusions applied in cement-matrix composites: a review. Materials, 9(12):1015. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9121015
Calabria-Holley J, Papatzani S, Naden B, et al., 2017. Tailored montmorillonite nanoparticles and their behaviour in the alkaline cement environment. Applied Clay Science, 143:67–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2017.03.005
Chang TP, Shih JY, Yang KM, et al., 2007. Material properties of Portland cement paste with nano-montmorillonite. Journal of Materials Science, 42(17):7478–7487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-1462-0
Chen XD, Wu SX, Zhou JK, 2014. Experimental study and analytical model for pore structure of hydrated cement paste. Applied Clay Science, 101:159–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2014.07.031
Fan LF, Wang LJ, Ma GW, et al., 2019. Enhanced compressive performance of concrete via 3D-printing reinforcement. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A (Applied Physics & Engineering), 20(9):675–684. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A1900135
Hakamy A, Shaikh FUA, Low IM, 2016. Effect of calcined nanoclay on the durability of NaOH treated hemp fabric-reinforced cement nanocomposites. Materials & Design, 92:659–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.12.097
Huang BT, Li QH, Xu SL, et al., 2019. Static and fatigue performance of reinforced concrete beam strengthened with strain-hardening fiber-reinforced cementitious composite. Engineering Structures, 199:109576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109576
Jennings HM, 2008. Refinements to colloid model of C-S-H in cement: CM-II. Cement and Concrete Research, 38(3):275–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.10.006
Jin SS, Zhang JX, Han S, 2017. Fractal analysis of relation between strength and pore structure of hardened mortar. Construction and Building Materials, 135:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.152
Kafi MA, Sadeghi-Nik A, Bahari A, et al., 2016. Microstructural characterization and mechanical properties of cementitious mortar containing montmorillonite nanoparticles. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 28(12):04016155. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001671
Katz AJ, Thompson AH, 1986. Quantitative prediction of permeability in porous rock. Physical Review B, 34(11):8179–8181. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.34.8179
Kuo WY, Huang JS, Yu BY, 2011. Evaluation of strengthening through stress relaxation testing of organo-modified montmorillonite reinforced cement mortars. Construction and Building Materials, 25(6):2771–2776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.01.001
Leon y Leon CA, 1998. New perspectives in mercury porosimetry. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 76–77:341–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8686(98)00052-9
Li HD, Xu SL, 2011. Determination of energy consumption in the fracture plane of ultra high toughness cementitious composite with direct tension test. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 78(9):1895–1905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2011.03.012
Li KF, Zeng Q, Luo MY, et al., 2014. Effect of self-desiccation on the pore structure of paste and mortar incorporating 70% GGBS. Construction and Building Materials, 51:329–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.10.063
Li QH, Huang BT, Xu SL, et al., 2016a. Compressive fatigue damage and failure mechanism of fiber reinforced cementitious material with high ductility. Cement and Concrete Research, 90:174–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2016.09.019
Li QH, Zhao X, Xu SL, et al., 2016b. Influence of steel fiber on dynamic compressive behavior of hybrid fiber ultra high toughness cementitious composites at different strain rates. Construction and Building Materials, 125:490–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.066
Li QH, Gao X, Xu SL, 2016c. Multiple effects of nano-SiO2 and hybrid fibers on properties of high toughness fiber reinforced cementitious composites with high-volume fly ash. Cement and Concrete Composites, 72:201–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.05.011
Li VC, Leung CKY, 1992. Steady-state and multiple cracking of short random fiber composites. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 118(11):2246–2264. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(1992)118:11(2246)
Li VC, Obla KH, 1994. Effect of fiber length variation on tensile properties of carbon-fiber cement composites. Composites Engineering, 4(9):947–964. https://doi.org/10.1016/0961-9526(94)90037-X
Liu W, Xu SL, Li QH, 2012. Experimental study on fracture performance of ultra-high toughness cementitious composites with J-integral. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 96:656–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2012.09.007
Mandelbrot BB, 1983. The Fractal Geometry of Nature. WH Freeman, New York, USA, p.14–20.
MOC (Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China), 2009. Standard for Test Method of Performance on Building Mortar, JGJ/T70-2009. MOC, Beijing, China (in Chinese).
Morsy MS, Alsayed SH, Aqel M, 2011. Hybrid effect of carbon nanotube and nano-clay on physico-mechanical properties of cement mortar. Construction and Building Materials, 25(1):145–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.046
Nehdi ML, 2014. Clay in cement-based materials: critical overview of state-of-the-art. Construction and Building Materials, 51:372–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.10.059
Nielsen LE, 1967. Models for the permeability of filled polymer systems. Journal of Macromolecular Science: Part A-Chemistry, 1(5):929–942. https://doi.org/10.1080/10601326708053745
Norhasri MSM, Hamidah MS, Fadzil AM, et al., 2016. Inclusion of nano metakaolin as additive in ultra high performance concrete (UHPC). Construction and Building Materials, 127:167–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.127
Norhasri MSM, Hamidah MS, Fadzil AM, 2017. Applications of using nano material in concrete: a review. Construction and Building Materials, 133:91–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.005
Norvell JK, Stewart JG, Juenger MC, et al., 2007. Influence of clays and clay-sized particles on concrete performance. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 19(12):1053–1059. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(2007)19:12(1053)
Papatzani S, 2016. Effect of nanosilica and montmorillonite nanoclay particles on cement hydration and microstructure. Materials Science and Technology, 32(2):138–153. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743284715Y.0000000067
Salmas CE, Androutsopoulos GP, 2001. A novel pore structure tortuosity concept based on nitrogen sorption hysteresis data. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 40(2):721–730. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie000626y
Sanchez F, Sobolev K, 2010. Nanotechnology in concrete-a review. Construction and Building Materials, 24(11):2060–2071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.03.014
Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW, 2012. NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nature Methods, 9(7):671–675. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2089
Shoukry H, Kotkata MF, Abo-el-Enein SA, et al., 2013. Flexural strength and physical properties of fiber reinforced nano metakaolin cementitious surface compound. Construction and Building Materials, 43:453–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.02.030
Tan B, Thomas NL, 2016. A review of the water barrier properties of polymer/clay and polymer/graphene nanocomposites. Journal of Membrane Science, 514:595–612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2016.05.026
Tang SW, He Z, Cai XH, et al., 2017. Volume and surface fractal dimensions of pore structure by NAD and LT-DSC in calcium sulfoaluminate cement pastes. Construction and Building Materials, 143:395–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.140
Vervoort RW, Cattle SR, 2003. Linking hydraulic conductivity and tortuosity parameters to pore space geometry and pore-size distribution. Journal of Hydrology, 272(1–4):36–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00253-6
Wang RZ, Li DY, Wang XR, et al., 2019. A novel and convenient temperature dependent fracture strength model for the laminated ultra-high temperature ceramic composites. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 771:9–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.08.253
Wang ZD, Zeng Q, Wang L, et al., 2016. Characterizing frost damages of concrete with flatbed scanner. Construction and Building Materials, 102:872–883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.11.029
Wei JQ, Meyer C, 2014. Sisal fiber-reinforced cement composite with Portland cement substitution by a combination of metakaolin and nanoclay. Journal of Materials Science, 49(21):7604–7619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-014-8469-8
Yan DM, Zeng Q, Xu SL, et al., 2016. Heterogeneous nucleation on concave rough surfaces: thermodynamic analysis and implications for nucleation design. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 120(19):10368–10380. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b01693
Yu J, Li HD, Leung CKY, et al., 2017. Matrix design for waterproof engineered cementitious composites (ECCs). Construction and Building Materials, 139:438–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.076
Yu KQ, Yu JT, Dai JG, et al., 2018. Development of ultra-high performance engineered cementitious composites using polyethylene (PE) fibers. Construction and Building Materials, 158:217–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.10.040
Zeng Q, Li KF, 2015. Reaction and microstructure of cement-fly-ash system. Materials and Structures, 48(6):1703–1716. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0266-y
Zeng Q, Li KF, Fen-Chong T, et al., 2012. Determination of cement hydration and pozzolanic reaction extents for fly-ash cement pastes. Construction and Building Materials, 27(1):560–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.07.007
Zhang BQ, Li SF, 1995. Determination of the surface fractal dimension for porous media by mercury porosimetry. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 34(4):1383–1386. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00043a044
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51978624), the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No. LY19E080030), the Production and Construction Group’s Programs for Science and Technology Development (No. 2019AB016), the Zhejiang Cultural Relics Protection Science and Technology Project (No. 2014009), the 2017 Hangzhou Transportation Society Scientific Research Project (No. 14), and the First-class Disciplines Project of Civil Engineering in Zhejiang Province, China
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, Mj., Li, Hd., Zeng, Q. et al. Effects of nanoclay addition on the permeability and mechanical properties of ultra high toughness cementitious composites. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. A 21, 992–1007 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A2000023
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A2000023