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Paper of RILEM TC 282-CCL: mineralogical characterization methods for clay resources intended for use as supplementary cementitious material

  • RILEM TC 282-CCL, CALCINED CLAYS AS SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS
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Abstract

To respond to the rapid introduction and development of calcined clays as supplementary cementitious material (SCM), the toolbox of characterization methods for cementitious materials requires extension to raw clay characterization. Borrowing concepts and methods developed in the field of clay mineralogy, this paper outlines the merits and limits of widely accessible characterization techniques for raw clays intended for use as SCM, when calcined. The paper focuses mainly on the identification and quantification of the raw clay mineral components, as these characteristics have important implications for further material processing and performance. General notes are provided on clay sampling and pre-treatment as well as bulk chemical analysis. The main techniques considered are X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis and infrared spectroscopy. Their application on raw clays is introduced, highlighting clay-specific aspects of sample preparation, data acquisition, and processing. Guidelines and interpretation tables are provided to aid in the analysis of the acquired data, while limitations and potential interferences are identified. Options for remote prospection by infrared spectroscopy are included as well. To illustrate the type of information to be gained and the complementarity of the techniques, two representative raw clays are fully characterised. This paper aims to highlight that mineralogical characterization is a feasible and often necessary step in the study and assessment of raw clays that can deliver a wealth of informative data if carried out appropriately.

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Notes

  1. These sets of parallel planes are usually referred to by their (hkl) or Miller indices. 1/h, 1/k and 1/l define the intercepts of the planes with the a, b and c dimensions of the unit cell, respectively (e.g. (00l) reflections are parallel to the a-b basal plane).

  2. KBr is hygroscopic and should be dried and kept dry before measurement in order to avoid detecting diffuse water signals in the measurement.

  3. Available at Baseline/MSDS studies of source clays—The Clay Minerals Society.

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Acknowledgements

Textual comments and suggestions by Alisa Machner are gratefully acknowledged.

Funding

Participation of Alastair T. Marsh was funded by EPSRC EP/R001642/1. Participation of T. Hanein was funded by UKRI through the Circular Economy Centre for Mineral-based Construction Materials (EP/V011820/1). The other authors received no support from any organization for the submitted work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sustainable Materials, VITO, Mol, Belgium

    Ruben Snellings

  2. Instituto Superior Minero Metalúrgico de Moa, Moa, Cuba

    Roger Almenares Reyes

  3. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

    Theodore Hanein

  4. Departamento de Ingeneria Civil, National University of the Center of the Buenos Aires Province, Olavarria, Argentina

    Edgardo F. Irassar

  5. ARUP, London, UK

    Fragkoulis Kanavaris

  6. University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany

    Matthias Maier

  7. School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

    Alastair T. Marsh

  8. Department of Geosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

    Luca Valentini

  9. Laboratory of Construction Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

    Franco Zunino

  10. Centro de Estudios de Química Aplicada, Universidad Central de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba

    Adrian Alujas Diaz

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Contributions

Initiation and conceptualisation: RS and AAD; Data provision and processing: MM, RS and EFI; Writing of sections: RS, AAD, TH, EFI, MM, ATM, LV, FZ; Critical revising: FK, RA, TH, MM, ATM, AAD; Coordination, integration and editing: RS and AAD.

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Correspondence to Ruben Snellings.

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This paper has been prepared by working group 1 within RILEM TC 282-CCL. The paper has been reviewed and approved by all members of the TC.

TC Membership:

Chair Prof. Fernando Martirena-Hernandez

Deputy Chair Prof. Manu Santhanam

Members: Sumaiya Afroz, Laith Al-Jaberi, Adrian Alujas-Diaz, Francois Avet, Tushar Bansal, Hoda Beltagui, Mohsen Ben Haha, Susan Bernal Lopez, Shashank Bishnoi, Pascal Boustingorry, Mariana Canut, Arnaud Castel, Vinh Dao, Frank Dehn, Yuvaraj Dhandapani, Pascal Dion, Jan Elsen, Gilles Escadeillas, J Ivan Escalante-Garcia, Hassan Ez-Zaki, Sergio Ferreiro Garzón, Daniel Geddes, Guoqing Geng, Ravindra Gettu, Theodore Hanein, Edgardo Irassar, Roman Jaskulski, Shiju Joseph, Maria C. Garcia Juenger, Sri Kalyana Rama Jyosyula, Fragkoulis Kanavaris, Taehwan Kim, Wolfgang Kunther, David Law, Alisa Machner, Matthias Maier, Alastair Marsh, Fabrizio Moro, Joseph Mwiti Marangu, Angela Nunes, Katelyn O Quinn, Anuj Parashar, Gabriel Pham, Victor Poussardin, John Provis, Elsa Qoku, Kyle Riding, Roger Almenares Reyes, Karyne Ferreira dos Santos, Karen Scrivener, Jorgen Skibsted, Ruben Snellings, Tongbo Sui, Arezki Tagnit-Hamou, Karl-Christian Thienel, Luca Valentini, Oscar Oswaldo Vazquez, Luis Velasquez, Manuel Vieira, Silvia Vieira, Talakokula Visalakshi, Claire White, William Wilson, Kequan Yu, Zengfeng Zhao, Wenzhong Zhu, and Franco Zunino.

Appendices

Appendix 1: XRD search table for clay minerals and commonly associated phases

See Table 3.

Table 3 Search table (modified after Brindley and Brown [7] and Thorez [112])
Full size table

Appendix 2: Main IR vibration bands of common clay minerals (after [113])

Table 4
Full size table

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Snellings, R., Almenares Reyes, R., Hanein, T. et al. Paper of RILEM TC 282-CCL: mineralogical characterization methods for clay resources intended for use as supplementary cementitious material. Mater Struct 55, 149 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-022-01973-1

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