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MXenes: Advances in the synthesis and application in supercapacitors and batteries

  • Review
  • FOCUS ISSUE: Two-dimensional Materials for Future Generation Energy Storage Applications
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Abstract

MXenes, the newest family member of the two-dimensional materials have been widely investigated for different applications, particularly in the energy storage realm. With regard to this, MXene precursors have attained widespread attention for the application in electrochemical energy storage devices especially supercapacitors and batteries. This review has comprehensively studied various synthesis strategies adopted for MXenes including the top-down and bottom-up approaches. The shift to renewable energy alternatives have focused on the electrochemical choices such as supercapacitors and batteries, the most common and relevant ones. Thus the application of MXenes and its composite in supercapacitors as electrodes have been analyzed along with its detailed mechanism and electrochemical performance. Several battery chemistries including lithium-ion, sodium-ion and other battery systems utilizing MXenes have also been discussed here. Thus the existing strategies, advancements, and drawbacks regarding the inclusivity of MXenes in the electrochemical energy systems of supercapacitors and batteries are reviewed in this article.

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Figure 1
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Copyright © 2015, Nature Publishing Group.

Figure 4

Copyright © 2017, American Chemical Society.

Figure 5

Copyright © 2017, American Chemical Society. (b) Advantages of MXene for the application in SCs (c) Factors affecting performance of MXene.

Figure 6

Copyright © 2019, The Royal Society of Chemistry. (b) Suitable properties of 2D MXenes for application in Supercapacitors Reproduced from Ref. [89]. Copyright © 2020 Wiley‐VCH GmbH. (c) Types of SCs based on involved mechanisms. (d) Charge–discharge mechanism of EDLC Reproduced from Ref. [88]. Copyright © 2019, The Royal Society of Chemistry.

Figure 7

Copyright © 2020, The Royal Society of Chemistry.

Figure 8

Copyright © 2016, John Wiley and Sons. (c) Compared Capacitance of both Ti3C2Tx and Ti3C2Tx/SCNT composites at various scan rates. Reproduced from Ref. [99]. Copyright © 2017, Elsevier. (d) Durability of Ti3C2Tx/MnO2 composite. Reproduced from Ref. [100]. Copyright © 2016, Elsevier. (e) Rate performance of the Ti3C2Tx and Ti3C2Tx /PPY composite. Reproduced from Ref. [71]. Copyright © 2015, John Wiley and Sons. (f) Cycling performance of the Ti3C2Tx /PPY-based SCs at 0.5 mA cm−2 (inset shows the capacitance of Ti3C2Tx /PPY-based SCs with different bending) Reproduced from Ref. [101]. Copyright © 2016, John Wiley and Sons.

Figure 9

Copyright © 2020, American Chemical Society.

Figure 10

Copyright © 2019, John Wiley and Sons.

Figure 11

Copyright © 2018, The Royal Society of Chemistry. (b) Hollow MXene/C nanofibers. Reproduced from Ref. [118]. Copyright © 2021, John Wiley and Sons.

Figure 12

Copyright © 2021, American Chemical Society. (b) Na+ intercalation mechanisms in MXene nanosheets. Reproduced from Ref. [147]. Copyright © 2016, American Chemical Society. (c) VO2/MXene hybrid with 3D flower-like architecture: Synthetic process. Reproduced from Ref. [133]. Copyright © 2019, The Royal Society of Chemistry.

Figure 13

Copyright © 2016, American Chemical Society. (b) Cycling performance at 1 A g–1 for 2000 cycles for Nb2CTx@MoS2@C hybrid Reproduced from Ref. [134]. Copyright © 2021, American Chemical Society. (c) and (d) Rate performance and capacity in different current densities of VO2/MX-1, VO2/MX-2 and VO2/MX-3 electrodes, respectively. Reproduced from Ref. [133]. Copyright © 2019, The Royal Society of Chemistry.

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Acknowledgments

Abhilash Pullanchiyodan and Prasanth Raghavan, acknowledge The Kerala State Higher Education Council for financial support through the Chief Minster’s Nava Kerala Postdoctoral Fellowship (No. KSHEC-A3/344/Govt. Kerala-NKPDF/2022). Leya Rose Raphael acknowledge Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT), Kerala for the financial support (UJRF/SRF). Manjusha Shelke acknowledge Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, (CSIR) India for Grant No. MLP100626. Kundan and Meenakshi acknowledge the University Grants Commission (UGC) for the financial support (JRF/SRF fellowship).

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  1. Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India

    Kundan Wasnik, Meenakshi D. Pawar & Manjusha V. Shelke

  2. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India

    Kundan Wasnik, Meenakshi D. Pawar & Manjusha V. Shelke

  3. Materials Science and NanoEngineering Lab (MSNE-Lab), Department of Polymer Science and Rubber Technology, Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT), Cochin, 682022, India

    Leya Rose Raphael, Abhilash Pullanchiyodan & Prasanth Raghavan

  4. Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju- daero, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea

    Prasanth Raghavan

  5. Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Centre, Scotland′s Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK

    Prasanth Raghavan

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Wasnik, K., Pawar, M.D., Raphael, L.R. et al. MXenes: Advances in the synthesis and application in supercapacitors and batteries. Journal of Materials Research 37, 3865–3889 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1557/s43578-022-00770-4

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