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Management of Gastric Neuroendocrine Tumors: A Review

  • Endocrine Tumors
  • Published:
Annals of Surgical Oncology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Gastric neuroendocrine tumors (G-NET) are rare tumors arising from enterochromaffin-like cells of the gastric mucosa. They belong to a larger group called gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and are classified as low, intermediate, or high-grade tumors based on their proliferative indices. They are further categorized into three subtypes based on their morphologic characteristics, pathogenesis, and behavior. Types 1 and 2 tumors are characterized by elevated serum gastrin and are usually multifocal. They typically occur in the setting of atrophic gastritis or MEN1/Zollinger Ellison syndrome, respectively. Type 2 tumors are associated with the most symptoms, such as abdominal pain and diarrhea. Type 3 tumors are associated with normal serum gastrin, are usually solitary, and occur sporadically. This type has the most aggressive phenotype and metastatic potential. Treatment and prognosis for G-NET is dependent on their type, size, and stage. Type 1 has the best prognosis, and Type 3 has the worst. This review discusses the presentation, workup, and surgical management of these tumors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Caitlin Sok MD, PhD, Pranay S. Ajay MD, David A. Kooby MD & Mihir M. Shah MD, FACS, FSSO

  2. Division of Surgical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA

    Vasileios Tsagkalidis MD

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Correspondence to Mihir M. Shah MD, FACS, FSSO.

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DISCLOSURE

Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number K12 CA237806 from the Emory K12 Clinical Oncology Training Program, awarded to MMS. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. Additional support in part by the Contardi Research Fellowship and the Georgia CTSA UL1 Program (grant number UL1 TR002378). The acknowledged parties had no role in manuscript writing and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

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Sok, C., Ajay, P.S., Tsagkalidis, V. et al. Management of Gastric Neuroendocrine Tumors: A Review. Ann Surg Oncol 31, 1509–1518 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-023-14712-9

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