Background

Psychological morbidity is recognised as a growing global concern amongst nursing students [1, 2]. Evidence suggests that the nature of healthcare education can contribute to the high levels of psychological morbidity amongst health service students [3,4,5], with clinical placements being identified as a particular stress trigger [6]. It is internationally recognised that engaging in mindfulness can positively impact the holistic wellbeing and resilience of nursing and medical students [7,8,9]. Enhanced psychological well-being of students undertaking clinical training is essential to ensure optimal learning, and also to prepare them for future healthcare challenges [10]. Mindfulness has the potential to fit well within a continuum of best practice in healthcare [11].

Mindfulness has been described as being able to have present-moment awareness, in a non-judgemental manner and without criticism [12]. Mindfulness may be obtained through purposively focusing fully on present experiences [13], thus providing a simplistic platform by which participants can enhance their own well-being [14]. However, formal mindful practices (e.g. breath awareness, body scans) can enhance the capacity for present-moment awareness and acceptance/non-judgment [15]. When utilising mindfulness, improvements may be experienced in relation to attention [16, 17], well-being [18, 19] and resilience [20, 21] in both clinical and non-clinical populations. Resilience is a trait that can help people cope with adversity, trauma and difficult events. It is an ineffable quality which allows individuals to cope effectively with failure; often supported by a positive and optimistic attitude. Within the healthcare profession, resilience plays a key role in enhancing the quality of care delivered to patients and workforce sustainability [22]. In India, a cross sectional survey of undergraduate medical students (n = 353) reported that psychological symptoms such as depression (51.3%), anxiety (66.9%) and stress (53%) were experienced by over half of participants [23].

Participating in mindfulness interventions can increase well-being amongst nursing students [9] by reducing symptoms such as anxiety and stress. It has previously been highlighted that nurses can experience higher levels of stress-related burnout, in comparison with other health care professionals [24]. Burnout within the workplace can have a negative impact on the bio-psychosocial well-being of nursing staff, as well as impacting patient care, and career satisfaction [25]. Additionally, stress and burnout can lead to higher staff turnover amongst registered nurses [26] and newly qualified nurses [27]. An Australian study exploring the implementation of a 7-week mindfulness program, delivered using an audio CD, for nursing and midwifery students reported an increase in general well-being, and enhanced clarity of thought amongst this population [28]. In China, a face-to-face mindfulness intervention had a positive impact on nursing students’ physiological health through lowering blood pressure [29]. Amongst medical students, mindfulness not only decreased perceived levels of stress but also increased self-compassion [30]. However, due to academic and clinical demands nursing students may not avail of traditional face-to-face mindfulness interventions [14].

Alongside the growing recognition of mindfulness practices, there is an increasing awareness that mindful meditation interventions need to be more accessible to participants [31]. One way in which mindfulness programs can be more readily accessed is through the use of online technology. Amongst newly qualified registered nurses, previous research highlighted that a mindfulness intervention delivered online reduced anxiety [32]. However, the most effective delivery of mindfulness interventions in helping to promote well-being and resilience amongst nursing students is unclear. The aim of our study was to identify the views of undergraduate nursing students in relation to mindfulness, and how it could be embedded within their university curriculum.

Method

Design

A cross-sectional online survey was administered via a cloud-based student response system that students could access via their computer or handheld mobile device, to identify participants’ perceptions and experiences in relation to mindfulness meditation and its implementation.

Setting

This survey involved first year undergraduate nursing students enrolled on the BSc (Hons) Nursing programme at a University in Northern Ireland. A mindfulness initiative is not currently available to this student cohort.

Sample and participants

A convenience sample of undergraduate nursing students completing a BSc Hons Degree in Nursing were approached. All participants were in the first year of the nursing programme and had completed two clinical placements. This sample was chosen as students had both experience of clinical placement and the university setting, and the sample was readily accessible to the researcher [33]. Participants were provided with details about the study prior to the survey being administered. Consent to participate in the study was implied by completion and submission of the survey via the cloud-based platform.

Ethical considerations

The study received ethics approval from the Queen’s University Belfast, School of Nursing and Midwifery Research and Ethics Committee (Ref: C.McVeigh.05.19.M1.V1).

Instrument

The 21-item survey (Table 1) was developed by the authors based on previous pilot research [8], and a review of the literature [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11, 28, 29]. It consisted of demographic questions (n = 3), multiple-choice items (n = 8) and open-ended questions (n = 5). Questions focused on participants understanding of mindfulness, their past and present engagement with mindfulness practice, and their views on how a mindfulness programme could be integrated into the undergraduate nursing curriculum.

Table 1 Survey
Full size table

Data collection

The questionnaire took approximately 10 to 15 min to administer and complete. Participants were approached at the beginning of a lecture and asked to participate anonymously using the cloud-based student response system that they had been using previously in class. The study was conducted in May 2019.

Analysis

Closed response survey data were entered into SPSS version 24 [34] and descriptive statistics were used to summarise the data. Free text responses were analysed by the lead author (CMV) using thematic analysis [35] to identify overarching themes that emerged from the data. Themes were then reviewed by other members of the research team (JR, CC, IW, LGW, SR, AP, KA, TE, HN). Stage one of analysis involved assigning descriptive themes to sections of the data, whilst stage two encompassed grouping together these descriptive themes to generate interpretative themes that highlighted emerging patterns within the data [36]. The final stage identified a number of overarching themes that were developed by pulling together and linking all the interpretative themes.

Results

Two hundred and sixty-six students were approached to participate in the study, and from those 208 consented giving a response rate of 78%. Demographic details are presented in Table 2. Amongst respondents, the majority were between the ages of 18–22 years (51.9%), female (84.6%) and white Irish or British (83.6%). Closed response survey data is presented in Table 3.

Table 2 Demographic characteristics
Full size table
Table 3 Closed response survey data
Full size table

The majority of respondents had heard of mindfulness (76.4%), and 37% had engaged in a mindfulness practice. Additionally, 17.8% of respondents reported that they had engaged in other meditation/mind-body practices. The majority of respondents (67.8%) reported that they would be interested in taking part in a mindfulness programme with other nursing students. A chi-square statistic was calculated to examine any association between participants who had heard of mindfulness and those who would be interested in taking part in a new programme, but there was no significant association (p > 0.05). When asked about the preferred length of a weekly mindfulness sessions the majority of respondents (55.8%)reported 45 min as their preferred length of time. With regards to the length of the mindfulness programme itself, the majority of students (38.9%) indicated that 6 weeks was the ideal length of time in which to deliver the full programme. In addition, over three quarters of nursing students (77.9%) reported that they would be happy to engage in personal mindfulness practice in their own time, alongside the mindfulness programme. This was not significantly associated (p = 0.476) with whether these nursing students had heard of mindfulness before. Interestingly, 71.6% of respondents indicated that a mobile application could potentially help facilitate their participation in a mindfulness programme. Others indicated that lunchtime meditation sessions (20.7%) or a student champion (13%) may help enhance participation in the programme.

Thematic analysis of the open-ended responses generated 4 overarching themes (Table 4): Perceptions of what mindfulness is; Previous mindfulness practice experiences; Impact of mindfulness in nursing; The need for a future well-being initiative for undergraduate nursing students. The first overarching theme, perceptions of what mindfulness is, highlighted participants views of mindfulness as a strategy to promote self-care that could also enable them in being more mindful of others. Additionally, mindfulness was described as related to enhancing awareness of the present moment and of their thoughts. The overarching theme; previous mindfulness practice experiences, pertained to participants’ perceptions of their previous mindfulness practice. Many participants felt it had helped them to relax and enhanced their mental well-being. However, some participants additionally indicated that previous mindfulness practice had not been beneficial to them due to factors such as; not practicing long enough to benefit from mindfulness, perceiving mindfulness to have increased their stress or finding the practice of no benefit. Overarching theme 3, impact of mindfulness in nursing, described how mindfulness could potentially benefit students undertaking the undergraduate nursing programme. It was also recognised that there might be barriers to student participation. Participants additionally highlighted that mindfulness had the potential to positively impact their future clinical practice. Within the need for a future well-being initiative for undergraduate nursing students (overarching theme 4), responses conveyed the perception amongst participants that due to the stressful nature of their nursing programme, a well-being initiative may be beneficial for students and aid in the student not being ‘forgotten.’ Perceptions highlighted that a future initiative should help enhance the well-being of students so they can optimally care for others. However, several participants conveyed the importance of future well-being initiatives as optional for nursing students and not a compulsory element of the curriculum.

Table 4 Thematic analysis of open-ended questions and free text comments
Full size table

Discussion

This study produced new knowledge in relation to undergraduate nursing students’ perceptions of a mindfulness- based well-being initiative within the university curriculum. Previous research has indicated a lack of standardised approach to delivering a mindfulness programme to undergraduate nursing students [37]. Within the present study, participants indicated that the ideal delivery for a mindfulness programme would incorporate weekly 45—minute face-to-face sessions over a 6-week period. Participants in the present study expressed willingness to engage in their own mindfulness practice, alongside the mindfulness programme.

An additional finding of the present study indicated that the majority of undergraduate nursing students would prefer a mobile application to aid their participation in mindfulness meditation. Previous research exploring mindfulness practice delivered by a mobile application to medical students, highlighted decreased perceived stress and increased general well-being amongst participants [38].

A 12-week Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) programme for Turkish nursing students found increased awareness of staying in the present amongst participants [39]. Nursing students who participated in the present study perceived that mindfulness would enable them to enhance their awareness, but also encourage self-care. Data additionally demonstrated the potential impact of mindfulness on nursing practice at undergraduate level. Due to the demanding nature of their course, nursing students believed mindfulness could potentially help build coping strategies to deal with stress. Those who had engaged in previous practice conveyed that it had aided relaxation and enhanced their mental well-being through alleviating stress or anxiety. Previous research has similarly demonstrated perceived reduction in stress and anxiety amongst nursing students who engaged in MBSR [9, 32, 40, 41]. Engaging in mindfulness practice has also been shown to improve quality of life amongst both undergraduate nursing students, and registered nurses [42].

The benefits of mindfulness have not only been recognised amongst undergraduate nursing students, but also registered nurses working in clinical settings. Previous research involving newly registered nurses (n = 5) in Canada investigated the effectiveness of a shortened version of the 8-week Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) course [43]. The shortened MBSR programme aided participants in recognising their stress levels, increasing their self-compassion and recognising their capabilities and limitations in clinical practice. Similarly. within the present study participants expressed that participating in a mindfulness programme might aid them in recognising personal signs of burnout and mental fatigue which could enhance coping strategies when practicing as a registered nurse. In addition, participants felt that mindfulness practice could increase compassion and improve clinical practice if they were aware of how well they were doing their job. Previous pilot research by the current authors [8] found that a 6-week mindfulness course could increase mindfulness and resilience amongst both nursing and medical students. Mindfulness has the potential to enhance resilience amongst future nurses working in clinical practice.

Within the present study some participants who had previously engaged in mindfulness practice felt it was unhelpful and even exacerbated their stress. Some additionally expressed that a mindfulness programme would not be feasible within the current undergraduate nursing curriculum due to time constraints and the busy nature of the programme. Previous research with trainee social workers recommended that mindfulness may not appeal to all students and therefore should not be mandatory [43]. Another study highlighted that a 7-week MBSR course delivered as a compulsory element to first year undergraduate medical students, had lower levels of satisfaction and feedback compared to an optional course for 2nd year medical students [44]. The present study additionally highlighted that this is the perception in relation to well-being initiatives in general, and not just mindfulness-based interventions. However, the majority of UG nursing students recognised the need for a non-compulsory well-being strategy within the undergraduate nursing curriculum, for clinical practice and promote self-care.

Limitations and future research

This study included a convenience sample of participants from one university and therefore results may not be generalisable. In addition, the survey instrument was developed specifically for this study with no psychometric testing. However, the survey was designed by the authors based on previous pilot research and a review of the literature. With regard to future research, an extension of this study is recommended adopting the Medical Research Council (MRC) framework for complex interventions [45] to develop a mindfulness meditation programme for UG nursing students. This would initially involve conducting a feasibility study with undergraduate nursing students to explore the practicalities of implementing the proposed programme. This would be followed by an interventional study to determine the effectiveness of the programme on a number of outcomes This stage would focus on testing the intervention based on the data obtained from the feasibility study.

Conclusions

In conclusion, findings from the survey suggested that implementation of a mindfulness meditation programme would be acceptable to undergraduate nursing students. The results of this study provide important insights regarding how this programme may be optimally delivered using face-to-face sessions, and a mobile platform. The importance of ensuring that a well-being initiative is not a mandatory element of the undergraduate nursing curriculum has also been highlighted. Further research is needed to explore the feasibility of implementing a blended approach mindfulness programme for undergraduate nursing students.