Introduction

The SARS-Cov-2 virus (COVID-19) outbreak began in early December 2019 [1]. On the 11th of March 2020, the World Health organisation (WHO), classified COVID-19 as a pandemic and by November 2020, there were 53,164,803 confirmed cases and 1,300,576 deaths globally [2, 3]. In the UK, this has had an unprecedented social impact with the government enforcing rules such as lockdowns in an attempt to control its spread [4]. Education and healthcare industries have been particularly affected, and there has been a negative impact on mental health. A British study by Brooks, et al. (2020) reported negative psychological effects, such as post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, confusion and anger, when reviewing the psychological impact of quarantine [5].

We had noticed an anecdotal rise in the levels of such negative emotions and also lifestyle and behavioural changes amongst students in our medical school, findings reflected in other medical schools around the UK, with the sentiment that the pandemic was no time to be a student [6]. On questioning course leaders from other parts of the University’s Healthcare Faculty (e.g. nursing and paramedical courses), the sentiment was broadly the same. This was in keeping with several international reports of the negative impact that the pandemic was having on medical students in other, but not all, parts of the world [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14].

Frontline health-care workers are a demographic particularly susceptible to the psychological consequences of the pandemic [11] and healthcare students share many of the same risk factors. With the closure of universities, healthcare students, as with other students, have been experiencing problems such as interruptions to their education, loss of peer support networks, and uncertainty in volunteering in hospitals during the crisis [12,13,14].

The primary objective of this study was to investigate whether our anecdotal findings of the COVID-19 pandemic negatively affecting healthcare students at our university was true and whether these findings were in line with those found at other centres around the world. To do this, we surveyed undergraduate and postgraduate students studying healthcare-related courses on how their lifestyles and behaviours, mental health and education has been affected by the pandemic. Findings of this study will be used to inform appropriate student support strategies.

Methodology

Overview

In this cross-sectional study, participants were asked to complete an online survey. Students enrolled in courses categorised under the Faculty of Health, Education, Medicine & Social Care (HEMS), at the host university were included in the study. At the time of the questionnaire, a total of 3633 students were enrolled in the HEMS, including the Schools of Medicine (n=325), Nursing & Midwifery (n=106), Allied Health (n=2000), and Education & Social Care (n=630).

There were no exclusion criteria.

The survey was open and distributed to students between 4th September 2020 and 5th November 2020. During this period, the first UK National lockdown restrictions were eased. Social distancing rules, such as the ‘rule of six’ were initiated. In October, a three-tiered system was started in England. Universities reopened but most of the teaching remained online. At our university, healthcare students had a mixed online and face-to-face teaching schedule, with the majority being online. The university was prepared for online study.

The online surveys consisted of four sections: (1) demographics; (2) lifestyle and behaviours; (3) mental health; (4) education. The survey asked students to answer these questions based on how the pandemic had influenced them at the time of the survey and during previous lockdowns.

Demographics

The demographic data included course of study, year of study, gender, age, ethnicity and religion. As gender and religion are special category data, the "Ethnic group, national identity, and religion" guide by The Office of National Identity was used to formulate the answer options for these questions [15].

Lifestyle and behaviours

The lifestyle and behaviours section contained questions based on a similar survey by Gallè, et al. (2020), which aimed to understand the knowledge and behaviours related to the COVID-19 epidemic in Italian undergraduate students [9].

Mental health

The Mental Health section of the questionnaire were structured to provide descriptive data with an evaluative character and considered symptoms of mental health disorders. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) was used as a guide to formulate the questions.

Education

The education section was constructed by considering changes in education delivery during the pandemic; questions were asked to investigate the impact of these changes. At the time of questionnaire delivery, most face to face lectures had been replaced by on-line lectures and resources.

Open comments

At the end of each section, students were invited to provide free-text open comments.

Statistical Analyses

Data was analysed using SPSSv27 and Excel version 16.16.9. In this mixed methods study, quantitative data analysis was used to interpret closed question survey responses in each of the three categories. Qualitative analysis was used to interpret the free-text responses in each of the three categories. In order to analyse the qualitative data a thematic analysis was done: after reading through all the responses, common themes were found within the three categories (lifestyle and behaviours, mental health and education); all the responses were coded accordingly, and the frequency of each theme was obtained.

Results

A total of 233 out of 3633 students completed the survey resulting in a 6.4% response rate. With respect to medical students specifically, the largest cohort, the response rate was 16% (n=52/325). Postgraduate students comprised 8.2% (n=19/233) of the cohort.

Of the total 233, respondents were predominantly female (F:M = 3:1; F=179, M=54), identified as white British (n=127, 54.4%) and had no religious belief (n=95, 40.8%). The mean age was 26.8 ± 9.69 (Table 1). The majority of respondents were from the school of medicine (n=52/233, 22.4%), followed by paramedical science (n=42/233, 18.1%) and biomedical sciences (n=25/233, 10.8%). In all, 18 courses were represented (Fig. 1).

Table 1 Demographic data of questionnaire respondents
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Fig. 1
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Bar-chart showing the breakdown of respondents by course

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Quantitative analysis

Lifestyle & behaviours

More than half of the participants saw a change in their diet (n=120; 51.5%), with more people experiencing a worsening of their diet (n=72; 30.9%) rather than an improvement. Additionally, 45.5% (n=106) of participants exercised less. In terms of smoking, most students (n=201; 86.3%) did not smoke prior to the lockdown; 5.6% (n=12) of the participants did alter their smoking behaviour, with an equal number either stopping smoking, or starting to smoke during the pandemic.

Approximately two-thirds of the participants (n=155; 66.5%) experienced a change in sleep and 51.1% (n=119) reported a change in a change in their appetite. Changes in both sleep and appetite were most commonly seen to decrease rather than an increase (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2
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Waffle chart showing student responses to the Lifestyle & Behaviours questionnaire

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Mental Health

The levels of the five emotions investigated (sadness, irritability, fatigue, frustration and loneliness) were shown to either slightly increase or not change in most people. An increase in each emotion was more common than a decrease.

The following feelings were experienced by more than half of the students: anxiety, stress, worry, irritability, fear, and difficulty relaxing. Most commonly, 84.2% (n=196) of students reported worrying too much about different things, with 21.9% (n=51) experiencing this nearly every day, and 61.9% (n=144) not being able to stop or control worrying. Most participants experienced trouble relaxing on several days or more (n=166; 71.2%).

Moreover, most students reported feeling detached from others (n=145; 62.2%), having poor concentration and being indecisive (n=143; 61.4%), and experienced deteriorating work performance (n=120; 51.1%). At least sometimes, 72.1% (n=168) felt unable to cope with things they had to do; 8.5% (n=20) never, or almost never, felt confident about handling personal problems (Fig. 3a & b).

Fig. 3
figure 3

Waffle chart showing student responses to the Mental Health questionnaire, subdivided into (a) feelings and (b) emotions

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Education

About 44.2% (n=103) did not agree that they were provided with all the information needed to continue academic studies, and 60.1% (n=140) did not agree that their academic studies have been adequately supported since the start of the pandemic.

The majority of students agreed with the following statements: they struggle to complete learning outcomes with online delivery (n=153; 65.7%), they are worried that their practical skills will be affected (n=191; 82%) and they are worried about the impact of COVID-19 on their future career (n=141; 60.5%). Eighteen percent of students (n=42) had even considered leaving their course.

In terms of views regarding online teaching, more students disagreed (n=118; 50%), rather than agreed (n=36; 24.1%), that online teaching had made up for face-to-face teaching, such as conventional lectures or practical skills teaching. Many participants (n=187; 80.3%) did not agree that online teaching compared well to conventional lectures. However, 48.9% (n=114) believed that online teaching should be part of the standard curriculum (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4
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Waffle chart showing student responses to the Education questionnaire

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Qualitative analysis

A total of 66 participants provided at least one free-text open comment at the end of each section (excluding the demographics section). There were 26 lifestyle and habits comments, 22 mental health comments and 33 education comments. A coding system was used to search for trends in comments (Table 2). The comments given reflected the findings of the quantitative analysis. Specific findings included the role the pandemic played in aggravating underlying mental health issues in some students and the frustration voiced over the perceived disruption in course delivery which has been only partly addressed by virtual learning.

Table 2 Qualitative analysis of open-answer questions
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Nearly all of the comments in the lifestyle and behaviours demonstrated that the pandemic influenced their behaviour (n=23/26, 88%), with more people stating the pandemic influenced a negative behavioural change (n=13/26, 50%) versus a positive behaviour change (n=10/26, 38%). Similarly, the majority of answers in the Mental health section state the pandemic caused or exacerbated mental health issues (n=15/22, 68%).

With respect to the education section open comments, the most common concerns were related to educational disruption and lack of guidance (n=15/33, 45%). There was also worries about missing practical sessions (n=7/33, 21%). Conversely, there were a few answers which show satisfaction with virtual teaching (n=7/33, 21%), and some that state their education was not affected by the pandemic (n=4/33, 12%).

Discussion

The primary message

Our study indicates that the COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on the lifestyle, behaviours, emotions, feelings, and educational experiences of healthcare students at our university. Results show both negative and positive impact, however, negative change was more commonly seen, including decreased physical activity, worsened diet, increased negative emotions and feelings, and perceived disruptions to education with the shift to online delivery.

The perspective

It is well-documented that the prevalence of depression, depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation is higher amongst medical students, as reported in the pre-COVID-19 era in a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis by Rotenstein, et al. (2016) [16]. However, since the pandemic, self-reporting by medical students, as in our study, have suggested a further increase in these conditions. The mental health findings in our study are consistent with other recent international studies. In an Indian longitudinal prospective study of 217 medical students, Saraswathi, et al. (2020) found that the COVID-19 pandemic appeared to negatively affect the mental health of their students with the prevalence and levels of anxiety and stress being increased but depression symptoms remaining unaltered [10]. In a Chinese-based large cross-sectional, survey-based, region-stratified study by Ye, et al. (2020), demographic data and mental measurement was collected from 2,498 medical students and 1,177 non-medical students in 31 provinces. They found that medical students suffered from more stress than non-medical students almost in all provinces of China [11]. Conversely, in a cross-sectional study of Iranian medical students by Nakhostin-Ansari, et al. (2020) found that whilst depression and anxiety were prevalent during the pandemic, they did not significantly differ among their students before and after the COVID-19 outbreak. They surmised that minimizing students' presence in the clinical settings and their exposure to COVID-19 patients may have helped control anxiety symptoms [12].

Studies on nursing students have revealed similar findings. In a cross-sectional study of 586 nurses in eastern China study by Wang, et al. (2021) The prevalence of nurses' anxiety and depression during the pandemic was 27.6% and 32.8%, respectively [13]. A large survey study of 1485 medical and dental students in the United Arab Emirates by Saddik, et al. (2020) showed that medical students have lower levels of anxiety during the pandemic than dental students, although this became higher during clinical rotations and decreased once virtual learning was introduced [14]. But despite these pandemic-related anxieties, studies show a high level of interest in and understanding about COVID-19 and healthcare students are still seen as important ambassadors and activists for infection control measures, especially in countries where medical education has been suspended, with many recognising their responsibility to their communities as volunteers and the importance and risks of their chosen professions [17, 18].

There are few studies that specifically examine changes in lifestyle and habits as a result of the pandemic, but none in healthcare students. In a Saudi Arabian cross-sectional on-line survey of 280 children aged 6-15, Hanbazaza & Wazzan (2021) provide evidence for the negative influences of the COVID-19 curfew on health behaviours, including eating habits, physical activity, and sedentary behaviour [19]. Similarly, in an on-line questionnaire of 1048 South African adults, Lewis, et al. (2021) showed in their population that COVID-19-related low physical activity predicted greater insomnia symptom severity, which in turn predicted increased depressive and anxiety-related symptoms. Overall, relationships between the study variables and mental health outcomes were amplified during lockdown. The findings highlight the importance of maintaining physical activity and reducing sedentary screen-use to promote better sleep and mental health [20]. Our study reflects these changes with most students reporting a worsening of their diet and a reduction in the amount of physical exercise they took. It is likely, therefore, that these changes were linked to their increased anxiety and depression levels.

In terms of education, closure of schools and universities, including all UK medical schools, has led to the cessation of live lecturers in a conventional lecture theatre and the cancellation of clinical placements. However, there have been innovative methods of delivering education to minimise this disruption to training, with a shift towards teleteaching including online webinars on various platforms such as Zoom (Zoom Video Communications, Inc., San Jose Ca, USA) and online open-book examinations [21]. Virtual and e-learning-based medical education, including multimedia study materials and virtual surgical electives, has proven extremely vital to provide an acceptable education for the undergraduate medical students during an outbreak to ensure that the maintenance of satisfactory education standards [22,23,24]. Service learning, a form of experiential education that is being implemented internationally within undergraduate primary care, with the potential to significantly enhance clinical practice whilst simultaneously facilitating medical students' learning, is also an example of a new learning model that will continue to gain traction in the post-COVID era [25].

Generally, our results showed that medical students did not feel that their education was as negatively impacted as other students. Interestingly, a large proportion of medical students strongly disagreed with ever considering leaving their course whereas the responses from other students was more equally distributed across all options. This difference might be explained by differences in motivational and learning strategies in medical students whose focus tends to be on lifelong learning [26, 27]. The majority of medical students also seemed to disagree that online teaching had made up for face-to-face teaching but agreed that there was still a role for online teaching within the standard curriculum. The general consensus for other students was less clear.

It was clear from our data that students at our institution are struggling on different levels. Whereas previously, academic studies could be supplemented with collaborative learning or a relaxing social life at university, the COVID-19 pandemic along with social distancing regulations, has resulted in a very isolated lifestyle. Healthcare students are particularly susceptible to these changes as their education depends on interpersonal interactions, in the form of placements and clinical skills sessions. The restrictive measures imposed on healthcare students owing to the threat of COVID-19 have robbed many of the joys of university life [6]. More must be done to ensure these students are adequately supported during the lockdown, such as ensuring the availability of robust and imaginative learning opportunities for students, providing opportunities to help with the pandemic response and ensuring access to pastoral care. Dyrbye, et al. (2015) show that amongst medical students, only a third with burnout will seek help due to the perceived associated stigma, negative personal experiences, and the hidden curriculum all contributing [28]. From our data, we suggest that may be true for students in all healthcare disciplines at our facility.

Limitations of this study

This study is limited to data from a single university and therefore only reflects the population of students present at this particular institution. However, recently published studies investigating the same variables at different institutions and countries, show similar findings to this paper, and anecdotally, these sentiments have been expressed by students in other universities both in the press and on social media platforms.

We studied a heterogenous sample with varying participant ages and educational backgrounds, which we believe makes our results more generalisable. The participant characteristics may have influenced the impact the pandemic had on them, for example, being a postgraduate student may have allowed them to deal with stress better. Separating the data or performing sub-group analyses would have allowed us to identify these variables but given the relatively small numbers, we decided to keep our analysis to the group as a whole.

The response rate was low, but comparable with other published studies and we feel that it still provides an extremely useful snapshot of the effect the pandemic had on the student body.

This study did not ask the students to justify their emotions or feelings, nor did it investigate what the students were doing during the pandemic, such as if they were volunteering in a healthcare setting, or if they were in lockdown by themselves or with others. These factors may have impacted their survey responses.

Conclusion

Our study suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic has generally had a negative impact on the mental health, perceived education and lifestyle of healthcare students. It also highlights areas where universities delivering healthcare education can focus resources to improve their students’ wellbeing and educational needs. Such improvements are likely to have long-lasting benefits in the post-COVID era.