Abstract
Background
Pharmacy education and pharmacy practice are facing remarkable changes following new scientific discoveries, evolving patient needs and the requirements of advanced pharmacy competency for practices. Many countries are introducing or undertaking major transformations in pharmacy education. The Thai pharmacy curriculum has been changed from a 5-year BPharm and a 6-year PharmD to only a 6-year PharmD programme. Curriculum change processes usually involve stakeholders, including both internal and external educational institutions, at all levels. This study aims to understand the experiences and perceptions of stakeholders regarding the transition to an all-PharmD programme in Thailand.
Methods
Semi-structured interviews were conducted in Thailand with 130 stakeholders (e.g., policy makers, pharmacy experts, educators, health care providers, patients, students and parents) from August-October 2013. The interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using an inductive thematic analysis.
Results
Three main themes were derived from the findings: 1. influences on curriculum change (e.g., the needs of pharmacists to provide better patient care, the US-Thai consortium for the development of pharmacy education); 2. perceived benefits (e.g., improve pharmacy competencies from generalists to specialists, ready to work after graduation, providing a high quality of patient care); and 3. concerns (e.g., the higher costs of study for a longer period of time, the mismatch between the pharmacy graduates’ competency and the job market’s needs, insufficient preceptors and training sites, lack of practical experience of the faculty members and issues related to the separate licenses that are necessary due to the difference in the graduates’ specialties).
Conclusions
This is the first study to highlight the issues surrounding the transition to the 6-year PharmD programme in Thailand, which was initiated due to the need for higher levels of competency among the nation’s pharmacists. The transition was influenced by many factors. Many participants perceived benefits from the new pharmacy curriculum. However, some participants were concerned about this transition. Although most of the respondents accepted the need to go forward to the 6-year PharmD programme, designing an effective curriculum, providing a sufficient number of qualified PharmD preceptors, determining certain competencies of pharmacists in different practices and monitoring the quality of pharmacy education still need to be addressed during this transitional stage of pharmacy education in Thailand.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Find the latest articles, discoveries, and news in related topics.Background
Pharmacy education and pharmacy practice are facing remarkable changes following new scientific discoveries, evolving patient needs and the requirements for advanced pharmacy competency for current and future practices [1, 2]. Therefore, many countries are introducing or undertaking major transformations in pharmacy education [1, 2]. The World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) and the International Pharmaceutical Federation Education Development Team (FIPEd) all aim to improve global pharmacy education and have developed a “needs-based education model” [1, 3–6]. The model stipulates that pharmacy education programmes must be designed to ensure that required competencies are achieved by all pharmacy graduates to deliver pharmacy services that meet the needs of national populations. Many countries have been upgrading their pharmacy degree programmes to the level of Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) [7–13]. However, literature exploring the adoption of such programmes in Asian countries is limited [14–16].
The initiation of modern pharmacy education in Thailand began in 1913 with a 3-year programme which extended to a 4-year programme in 1939 and then to a 5-year Bachelor in Pharmacy (BPharm) programme in 1957 [17–19]. In 1993, the US-Thai consortium for the development of pharmacy education in Thailand was established [19]. Thai pharmacy educators and pharmacy practitioners participated in this collaboration to develop the academic workforce that was needed. In 1999, the first of the Thai Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) programmes, which focused on patient care at the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, was established [18, 20–22]. The details of the history of all 6-year PharmD programmes in Thailand are shown in Fig. 1 [17, 23–36].
From 1990–2010, the majority of Faculties of Pharmacy in Thailand offered a 5-year BPharm programme. The 5-year programme was divided into three tracks: pharmaceutical sciences, pharmaceutical care and social and administrative pharmacy; this allowed students to achieve more professional specialisation [18, 23, 37]. However, the new pharmacy graduates and employers felt that the graduates were still inadequately trained and were not prepared for post-graduation practice [28, 38].
Similar to other countries that were changing to an Entry-Level PharmD (ELPD) programme [39–46], unified support for the transition to an all- PharmD programme was also limited in Thailand [39, 45]. Pramyothin et al. [30] found that while most experts from hospitals and consumer protection sectors agreed with a 6-year programme with special tracks, advanced practitioners from the community pharmacy and industry areas preferred a 5-year programme with special tracks. Wongpoowarak et al. [47] found that most pharmacy graduates and employers felt that a 6-year PharmD was needed for both tracks (pharmaceutical care and pharmaceutical sciences); they also reported that while academic staff had mixed views regarding the appropriate duration of a pharmacy programme in pharmaceutical sciences, the majority (63 %) sided with 5 years as opposed 15 % and 22 % who preferred 4 years and 6 years, respectively. Another study which carried out a survey of pharmacists regarding curriculum changes found that most of the respondents did not agree that a 6-year programme would either decrease the pharmacy curriculum workload or improve the status of pharmacists to reach that of medicine and dentistry graduates (both also 6-year programmes). Most respondents agreed that the pharmacy curriculum should be producing generalists but that specialties should be studied in higher education. The majority of the respondents believed that the pharmacy curriculum should include both 5- and 6-year options, while about 20 % of respondents believed that only one the 6-year programme should be offered [48, 49].
Thai policy makers believed that a complete transition to the 6-year PharmD would meet the needs of the stakeholders by changing pharmacy competencies from generalists to specialists, resolve the issue of curriculum overload for the high-credit 5-year BPharm programme, and produce equal educational standards and outcomes and for the pharmacy profession on a national level [28, 38]. The Pharmacy Council of Thailand (PCT) announced that the 6-year PharmD programme would be compulsory for pharmacy licensure starting from year 2014 onwards; the BPharm programme was not offered after 2010 [18, 28, 30, 37]. All new pharmacists have to graduate from pharmacy schools accredited by the Pharmacy Council, with a 6-year PharmD degree based on the new 6-year curriculum, a move designed to provide a more comprehensive curriculum and in-depth knowledge and skills in each specific pharmacy area [17, 18, 37, 50]. The US PharmD programme, which focuses on patient care, has been adjusted to meet the context of the Thai health system. The new PharmD curriculum is divided into two tracks, a Pharmaceutical Care-PharmD (PC-PD) programme and an Industrial Pharmacy (formerly Pharmaceutical Sciences)-PharmD (IP-PD) programme [23, 37, 51–53]. It is still under discussion as to whether another track, Social and Administrative Pharmacy (SAP), should either be independent or included in the other two tracks [18, 23]. Pharmacy students in some faculties will select their specialty upon admission; in other faculties, students select their speciality programmes in the fourth year of the PharmD [37].
The transition has been implemented by a collaboration among regulatory bodies (e.g., PCT and government) and educational institutions [28]. However, debates and questions have been put forth on social networks about the need for a change to an all-PharmD programme in Thailand [48, 49]; among the questions asked were: ‘How would an all-PharmD programme produce graduates to meet the needs of various areas of pharmacy practices in Thailand’? ‘How to incorporate the diverse competencies of two specialised areas (PC-PD and IP-PD) into one professional license?’ [18, 22, 30, 48]. Additionally, the limited resources and capacities of academic and training institutions in developing countries that are changing to a PharmD programme have been discussed [5, 54].
Stakeholders are an important aspect of the “needs-based model” comprised by FIPEd’s Global Quality Assurance Framework because it is the stakeholders who dictate local or national needs [2, 55]. For example, regulatory bodies, such as government and the Pharmacy Council, are responsible for pharmacy practice. They have the duty to protect the wellbeing of the public by assuring that the pharmacy workforce receives appropriate education and training to deliver a standard quality of services [2]. Curriculum change involves and affects many stakeholders, including both internal and external educational institutions (e.g., students, faculty members, staff members, administrators, employers, employees, patients and the public) at different levels, different roles and also different expectations [2, 55–58]. As such, exploring the stakeholders’ perspectives and experiences regarding this transition is crucial. There has been very little evidence, to date, of such attempts in Thailand. Qualitative research can provide meaning and understanding and is ideally suited to explore a little researched area [59, 60]. Therefore, this paper reports on a qualitative study which was aimed to understand the experiences and perceptions of stakeholders regarding the transition to an all-PharmD programme in Thailand.
Methods
This study was granted ethical approval from the Faculty of Sciences, University of Nottingham and the ethics authorities in Thailand (the Research Ethics Committee of Ubon Ratchathani University and the Research Ethics Committee of Buddhachinaraj Hospital). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 130 stakeholders in the Thai language during 1 Aug - 20 Oct, 2013.
Triangulated data were collected from different type of stakeholder categories via interviews across four different regions (e.g., Central, North, North-East, and South) to check and establish validity [61–63] and also include sub-groups of each stakeholder category to further maximise sample variation [62, 64] (e.g. both administrators and non-administrators from educational institutions were targeted). Stakeholders groups included policy makers, pharmacy experts or representatives of the pharmacy profession’s associations (e.g., public and private hospital pharmacy, community pharmacy, industrial pharmacy, public health and consumer protection, marketing pharmacy), educators (e.g., public and private university), practicing pharmacists from different settings (e.g., tertiary hospital, community hospital, community pharmacy, private hospital, industrial pharmacy, consumer protection, pharmacy marketing, research and development), health care providers (doctors, nurses, pharmacy technicians), patients, students and their parents as well as members of the general population. Participants included those involved in the quality assurance of pharmacy education according to the FIP definition [2]. Consensus among the main researchers (TC, CA, PW) was reached with regards to the selection process and sampling of participants. Table 1 lists the inclusion criteria.
Stakeholders who met the inclusion criteria and provided their consent for their interview data being included in a PhD thesis and publications [65] were recruited and interviewed using an interview guide (see Table 2). All participants were sent a participant information sheet explaining the study to them [59, 65]. The interview guide was developed based on both the purpose of this study and a literature review. Pilot interviews with two academic staff members, two pharmacists, one nurse, one doctor, one member of the general population and two students were conducted to refine the interview strategy. The pilot interviews were included in the data analysis. Recruitment was conducted by purposive sampling and snowball sampling. Sampling and data collection was guided by emerging themes and continued until the point of data saturation that was established when the interviews did not yield any new or emerging themes [66] and the depth and extent of data collection and data analysis seemed sufficient to allow the researcher to tell a reasonable story [67, 68]. The saturation was reached with varying numbers of participant from each sub-group of stakeholders. The depth and extent of data collection depended on participants’ roles and involvement in pharmacy education; for example, saturation was reached with 20 academic members from three specialised area (e.g. pharmaceutical care, pharmaceutical sciences and social and administration pharmacy) and different type of PharmD programmes offered (e.g. PC-PD, IP-PD), with 5 doctors and 5 nurses who have different length of experience of working with PharmD pharmacists, with 10 policy makers who had different roles from the Pharmacy Council of Thailand and the Pharmacy Education Consortium of Thailand, and with 7 students from public and private universities. However, additional 1–2 participants from each subgroup of stakeholder were interviewed to confirm the saturation of themes.
The interviews lasted between 45–60 min. All interviews were audio recorded with informed consent. The interviews had two sections, an introduction and personal background section (e.g., age, education, career, area of expertise, year of current work experience) and questions about their past and current experiences regarding the transition to an all-PharmD programme. Characteristics of the interviewees are given in Table 3. TC, a PhD research student has been a university lecturer in clinical pharmacy area at Ubon Ratchathani University, Thailand, for the last ten years and has observed the changes in pharmacy education; she has not been involved in influencing the policy of the all-PharmD programme. TC interviewed the participants in the setting of their choice (usually their workplace). 124 interviews were conducted face-to-face, five via telephone, and one was a Skype interview. PY and SM are university associate professors in Thailand. PY had been involved the transition period as a deputy dean of an academic affair and now is a policy maker of the PCT. SM has not been involved in influencing the policy of the all-PharmD programme. BL and CA are academic supervisors of TC who has not been involved in the transition of an all-PharmD programme in Thailand.
Audio recordings were transcribed verbatim in Thai and were checked twice for accuracy with the recordings by TC and one Thai pharmacist [69]. Transcripts were sent back to the interviewees for them to read or modify the transcript if necessary [59, 70]. However, the majority of participants chose not to check the transcripts. The transcripts were checked and confirmed the correctness by ten requested interviewees [62]. Thai transcripts were translated to English to comply with the required audit trail [71] by a Thai researcher (TC), who is a PhD student in the UK. The audit trail is an essential part of rigorous qualitative study that will able to track how the data were analysed and how themes were generated through interviews and interpreted to assess the trustworthiness of the research [72]. Additionally, it was essential that the transcripts be translated to English as CA, a non-Thai researcher and a senior qualitative researcher was directly involved in the analysis and coding processes [73]. Meaning-based translation [74] from Thai to English was performed by TC and had forward-blind backward translations process [74] to check the correctness of the translation. Twenty English transcripts were checked against the Thai transcripts by TC and a bilingual Thai-English pharmacy academic researcher. Two translators reached consensus regarding the English translation. Then, convenience blind backward translations [74, 75] of English transcripts into Thai were undertaken for 13 of the 130 transcripts (10 %) by the fluent Thai-English bilingual speaker. This process was performed to validate the translations and ensure no loss of conceptual equivalence had taken place [76].
English transcripts were then analysed thematically using NVivo qualitative data analysis software (QSR International Pty Ltd., Version 10, 2012) [77]. This study used an inductive (data-driven with themes emerging directly from the data) thematic analysis approach [78] and was influenced by the principle of grounded theory [59, 66, 79] (e.g., the general explanation or theory development generated or “grounded” in data from the views of participants who have experience with the process; while the researcher collects data, they begin analysis and go back to the field to collect more information until data saturation is achieved, used constant comparison analysis and theoretical sampling to maximise the variation of participants) [62, 64]. However, this study aimed to understand and develop an explanation regarding this transition, which differs from pure grounded theory as grounded theory aims to build the theory [79].
The data analysis was undertaken with the following steps [80]:
-
1.
The analysis began after the first two interviews for each stakeholder group were transcribed and continued during and after data collection.
-
2.
The first two English transcripts from each stakeholder group were read and re-read to gain an understanding of the interviewees’ perceptions and experiences [59, 78] by two researchers (TC, CA). They independently read transcripts carefully line-by-line, noted possible codes within the transcript hard copy, and then started to code and produce a coding structure.
-
3.
The coding structure was revised and further developed [59]. The codes were compared and discussed by two authors (TC, CA) [62, 81–85].
-
4.
The coding process was started again for all transcripts using the NVivo 10.0 software.
-
5.
A constant comparative analysis (moving back and forth between the identification of similarities and differences among emerging categories) approach was taken; for example, new information that might add to the code was constantly compared with previous codes or categories or themes that it might fit, or it was determined whether a new code or category should be created. The emerging themes were coded and constantly compared and contrasted with other interviewees’ transcripts [86].
-
6.
To establish the reliability or the stability of responses to multiple coders of the dataset, this study used the inter-coder agreement process. A draft code book was developed. It was aimed at determining the agreement of the coding in terms of code names and coded passages. TC and CA independently coded another two transcripts using a codebook and comparing codes. They considered the agreement of coding for these passages to be more than 80 % of coding [62].
-
7.
TC read through all transcripts repeatedly and coded them for analysis while a PhD supervisor (CA) checked and revised the coded text [73].
-
8.
Thematic analysis was carried out using the “One Sheet of Paper, OSOP” mind map method to ensure that all the codes extracted within each theme were included and compared in the analysis [59]. This process aimed to find a story in the data, which involved reading through each section of the data and making notes on a single sheet of paper, and was used to ensure that all different issues were raised by the coded extracts, along with the relevant participant IDs [59, 87] (see Fig. 2). TA, CA, and BY considered the development of broader themes from the codes.
Transcript coding (the process by which a qualitative analyst links specific codes to specific data segments or the process of organising data) involved four steps as follows:
-
1.
In vivo coding or initial coding in-text indicates the coding of special terms of participants. In vivo codes help us to preserve interviewees’ meaning regarding their perspectives or experiences in the coding itself [67]
-
2.
Open coding (concepts/categories or free codes/free nodes in NVivo 10.0 software)
-
3.
Axial coding (relationship between categories or tree code or tree nodes in NVivo 10.0 software)
-
4.
Selective coding (core categories or higher level of concepts/themes) [83, 88]
This study took the preliminary analyses consisting of themes back to six participants (e.g., two policy makers, two academic staff members, experts from the consumer protection area and industrial pharmacy), who would share their views of the analyses [62] to triangulate the data. They agreed on the accuracy and credibility of the findings. The findings and data from different sources [61–63] (e.g., government document, conference proceedings, unpublished reports, unpublished meeting minutes) were compared and contrasted; facts provided by the participants were confirmed.
Results
The findings revealed three major themes regarding stakeholders’ perceptions towards the transition to the 6-year PharmD programme in Thailand: influences of an all-PharmD programme in Thailand, perceived benefits and concerns regarding the transition to an all-PharmD programme.
Theme 1: Influences of an all-PharmD policy 4
The most frequent influence of an all- PharmD policy noted in the findings was the need for pharmacists to provide a better standard of patient care due to the competencies of pharmacy graduates from the previous pharmacy programme (a 5-year BPharm) being too broad and not being suitable for pharmacy practice in the patient care area in Thailand. The detailed themes and subthemes are presented in Fig. 3. The subthemes and supporting quotes are presented in Table 4.
“Hospital pharmacists should have the in-depth knowledge to serve patients by doing more than dispensing medication, so a PharmD in pharmaceutical care is the answer.” (Policy maker 9)
Policy makers who were involved in this transition remembered the initiatives of this change as part of a global trend towards providing patient care services.
“We considered the direction at an international level and saw that the trend for developed countries was normally to adapt a practice role that emphasised patient care. This might be more suitable due to the PharmD programme giving us higher competencies as pharmacists.” (Policy maker 1)
A factor that has also been mentioned as an influence on the transition to an all-PharmD programme was the Cooperation of four faculties of pharmacy and the Bureau of Health Service System Development, Ministry of Public Health (MoPH), in the development and establishment of a master’s degree in clinical pharmacy programme via a modular system. This foundation of clinical pharmacy activities in real workplace settings was supported by the US-Thai consortium for the development of pharmacy education in Thailand (founded in May 1994 by the Pharmacy Education Consortium of Thailand, PECT).
“The result of the consortium has had a great impact on Thai pharmacy education and the Thai pharmacy profession.” (Policy maker 10)
The mission of this consortium was to provide Thai pharmacy academic staff and pharmacists, who were selected by a Royal Thai Government Panel, to access advanced professional (PharmD) or graduate (PhD) studies and training in selected pharmacy schools in the US. Pharmacy educators adopted the US PharmD programme to establish the first Thai PharmD programme (pharmaceutical care) at the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University in 1999.
However, the big drive came from the announcement of the Pharmacy Council of Thailand (PCT) in 2008 that, starting in 2014, all new pharmacy graduates would have to graduate from pharmacy faculties accredited by the Council through the 6-year PharmD curriculum only.
“The Pharmacy Council stated that if we did not provide a 6-year PharmD curriculum, our students will not qualify to take the licensure examination. All faculties have to adapt their curriculum for all their programmes to 6 years.” (Academic member 21)
Theme 2: Perceived benefits of the transition of pharmacy education to an all-PharmD programme
Most interviewees from academic institutions and pharmacy practitioners perceived benefits of the transition to an all-PharmD programme because it was a step-up process for pharmacy education and the profession and because it enhanced a move from generalists to specialists, while graduates’ users (e.g., patients, health care teams and employers) perceived benefits as the PharmD graduates would have a higher competency to meet their needs. The detailed themes and subthemes are presented in Fig. 4. The subthemes and supporting quotes are presented in Table 5.
Step-up process
Thai pharmacy education has changed from the 5-year BPharm degree (with three main tracks: PC, PSc, SAP) and the 6-year PharmD degree focused on patient care to a single national PharmD programme (offering both pharmaceutical care (PC-PD) and industrial pharmacy (IP-PD). Faculty members thought that this change was a step up for the pharmacy profession and for pharmacy education in Thailand.
“It was a step up from the Bachelor degree to the professional degree, which is a 6-year professional degree similar to other health professions such as physicians and dentistry.” (Academic member 4)
Unfortunately the Thai government originally gave the PharmD the same status as a bachelor degree due to it being an entry level programme, but they later rewarded progression by matching the promotions and salaries of PharmD graduates similar to those with a master’s degree. Other 6-year programmes that have also been awarded similar to a master’s degree include the Doctor of Medicine (MD), Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS) and Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) in Thailand.
Move from generalists to specialists
The direction of pharmacy education in Thailand was not clear before the transition process. After the pharmacy council announced the all-PharmD policy, there were efforts to equip existing pharmacists with specialised competencies. Most interviewees thought that the transition to the 6-year programme would improve pharmacy competencies from generalists to advance general pharmacists or specialists. The frequent phrase noted in the findings was “the Thai pharmacist should not be a duck anymore”. The Thai meaning of duck is that this bird is able to perform many tasks (e.g., flying, running and swimming) but does not excel in any of them.
“We are too broad, like a duck. We should be good at something better than knowing everything, but we are not good in anything.” (PharmD Student 3)
“A 5-year BPharm programme does not make us experts either in medicinal products or patient care. This 6-year programme would give us higher competencies.” (Policy maker 1)
However, some experts and academic members perceived that the specialisation in the 6-year PharmD graduates might suit only in patient care area rather than other areas (e.g., industrial pharmacy, pharmacy marketing).
Meet the needs of the stakeholders
The minimum credit requirement for the 5-year BPharm programme was 150, whereas the 6-year PharmD programme requires a minimum of 220 credits. The 6-year PharmD programme requires 2,000 h of practice training, which is 1,500 h more compared to the 5-year BPharm programme. The increased credits in the 6-year PharmD curriculum provide in-depth knowledge within special tracks. The one-year extension provides the PharmD students with more practice rotations. The stakeholders expect the PharmD graduates to have higher competencies and be ready to work as pharmacists due to the greater number of didactic credits and the longer training experience.
“The 6-year programme provides more practice and includes additional things to learn.” (Parent 1)
The majority of pharmacists who work in pharmaceutical care areas perceived the benefits of the PharmD programme, such as preparing PharmD graduates for work immediately after graduation, understanding other health care professionals, and providing high quality patient care.
“PharmD graduates have the skills to approach other health care providers. They are ready to work after graduation.” (Pharmacy expert 10)
“PharmD graduates have better skills in patient care. They are more confident and work well with health care teams.” (Pharmacist 2, hospital pharmacist)
Physicians and nurses also have positive perceptions towards the 6-year PharmD graduates’ services and thought that they were effective members of the multidisciplinary team.
“I think it is good to have a pharmacist on ward. We discuss and share opinions, which are beneficial for our patients.” (Physician 6)
“The 6-year pharmacy graduates have higher knowledge. Their views or their critical thinking seem wider or have more understanding about the concept of a multidisciplinary team.” (Nurse 1)
Patients also perceived the benefits of pharmacists in the health care team, which would provide better care for them.
“For the 6-year Pharmacy programme, I think it must be good. I know that if patients have problems with medicine they can talk with a pharmacist and the pharmacist will talk to the doctor for them. It makes for better care for us.” (Patient 2, Out-patient Department)
Most policy makers agreed that the transition to a single PharmD programme provided the same curriculum standard throughout the country.
“They all have to be graduates of the six-year programme and managed in a similar manner.” (Policy maker 3)
Theme 3: Concerns
Interviewees such as hospital pharmacists, other health care providers and patients, students and parents, and academic staff in patient care areas were positive overall regarding the all-PharmD programme, while academic staff in the pharmaceutical sciences area and industrial pharmacy experts still had concerns about the curriculum change and suggestions for its improvement. The detailed themes and subthemes are presented in Fig. 5. The subthemes and supporting quotes are presented in Table 6.
Higher cost of study and value
Some academic staff thought that the policy makers should consider the increased cost of study due to the extra year. The students also discussed whether the increased cost of study was worth it.
“The negative effect is the cost of education to parents and the government budget of at least six hundred million baht (£12,253,000 or $18,421,000) a year, without being able to see the benefit in the short or long term. Improving pharmacists’ competencies is a great thing but we have many ways to improve them, such as via studying or working in real life situations.” (Academic member 12)
(Note: exchange rates on 08/03/2015; 1 GBP = 48.967 THB and 1 USD =32.570 THB)
“The Pharmacy Council should prepare salary or compensation for our degree. I heard that they increased our salary by only 1,000 baht (£20 or $31) a month compared to the 5-year programme. It is not worth it to study another one year more, when we have to spend approximately 100,000 baht (£2042 or $3070) for this extended year. There should be other ways to encourage us to work hard and deserve our salary.” (PharmD student 1)
Some interviewees were concerned that this change might not deliver an effective pharmacy curriculum that is suitable for Thai context. They suggested that the new curriculum might cause problems in terms of students’ time and money and might limit the ability to produce pharmacists who could quickly begin to work for Thai society.
“We are not prosperous but we are not very poor either. We should undertake appropriate education. The issue is that we would like to follow the western model. We can find our own way. I do not think six years is the best study programme in the world.” (Policy maker 10)
“I do not see the benefit of the extended one year or the value of this change. Why should it not be a master’s degree instead of a bachelor degree? Parents have to support the cost for another year and society has lost a pharmacist for another year.” (Academic member 16)
Parents of pharmacy students who studied at private universities said that the cost of their children’s education was at least 100,000 baht/year and approximately 500,000 baht (£10,200 or $15,300) in the 6th year; the total cost was approximately 1,600,000 baht (£32,600 or $49,100). One father thought that the cost might cause problems for some families who had low to medium incomes, but for him, it was acceptable.
“I think the cost is quite heavy. In cases where we do not have money, this might be a problem.” (Parent 1)
Another interviewee, from a family with a low income, thought the cost of education at public university of approximately 40,000 baht/year (£800 or $1,200), and that the total cost, which was approximately 300,000 baht (£6,100 or $9,200), was acceptable. Her son was granted a scholarship from his faculty and he was very careful with his money and also had a part time job for his living expenses. However, in terms of the cost of education, even at a public university, it is still a large amount of money for students’ families.
“The cost is not much harder because he (her son) helps himself. He got a scholarship from the faculty and works part-time job with his teacher. When he comes back home, he rarely asks for money. He needs only approximately 5,000 baht (£100 or $150) per month. He is a very good saver. He rarely buys new clothes.” (Parent 3)
Mismatch between the pharmacy graduates’ competencies and the requirements of the job market
The traditional PharmD programme focused on patient care but the PharmD curriculum in Thailand is divided into two main streams: a pharmaceutical care-PharmD (PC-PD) programme and a pharmaceutical Sciences or industrial pharmacy-PharmD (IP-PD) programme. However, both give students the same license to work across all sectors. There is a general consensus among the interviewees that the aim of the development of a 6-year programme in Thailand was to improve pharmacy competencies from generalists to specialists, focusing on pharmaceutical care and preparing pharmacy graduates to practice upon graduation in real workplace settings. Such preparations would serve to meet the required needs of the stakeholders. The greatest benefits of producing competent clinical pharmacists should be to patients, health consumers and Thai society.
However, community pharmacy employers presented contrasting views. Some argued that the pharmaceutical care aspect of the PC-PD is very hospital-centred and the skills acquired are more suited for tertiary and secondary care settings than primary hospital and community pharmacy settings.
“Within the PC-PD programme, it should be separated into hospital pharmacist and community pharmacist because they have different required competencies.” (Pharmacy expert 1, community pharmacy)
“Some faculties taught their PC-PD graduates that they should work in hospitals only. Students told me that they were not interested in community pharmacy but came here because it is only a compulsory rotation.” (Pharmacy expert 2, community pharmacy)
Pharmacists and pharmacy experts from the consumer protection area also shared the opinion that the curriculum should prepare pharmacy graduates for primary care services due to the higher number of primary care hospital settings (community hospitals and sub-district health-promoting hospitals).
On the other hand, the majority of the interviewees were less positive about the IP-PD graduates meeting the needs of the market; the number of graduates currently exceeds the needs of industry, and graduates from this track often have to pursue career paths in community pharmacy, a sector for which they are not prepared.
“Most of the pharmaceutical sciences students worked in community pharmacies because they got higher salaries than industrial plants but they were not well trained.” (Academic member 11)
In addition, this view is also shared by participants from the industrial sector who believe that IP-PD graduates lack the research skills required for the research and development industry and often prefer to employ PhD holders of non-pharmacy science backgrounds.
“The private sector hired graduates from other areas such as scientists who have a PhD degree. If you compare pharmacists who have a bachelor's degree and scientists who have a PhD, pharmaceutical companies need PhDs more than pharmacists because they have more experience in R&D.” (Academic member 10)
In contrast, some policy makers perceived that the PharmD graduates will be more skilled in research and development, which might meet the needs of employers. There are plenty of opportunities to create the curriculum and make a difference for graduates, but this depends on the cooperation of the leader, dean and academic staff in the pharmaceutical sciences area to prepare this new curriculum.
“Job markets are still available but we have to open new markets, such as areas in vaccines, blood substitutes, nanotechnology, in herbal medicine. Faculty should move to design our graduates.” (Policy maker 5)
To fulfil the needs of the IP-PD graduates’ competency for the area of research and development, an integrated PharmD-PhD programme was developed at one of the universities in Thailand, aiming to prepare highly competent graduates to study in PhD programmes. This is an interesting programme designed to suit the needs of the pharmacy or pharmaceutical industry.
Lack of preceptor and training sites
The crucial issue for the transition to an all-PharmD programme is providing a sufficient number of qualified PharmD preceptors. The new PharmD curriculum has a four-fold increase in the number of hours for practice training compared with the BPharm programme. However, the number of qualified preceptors remains the same. The PECT tried to establish a preceptor development programme to prepare for this change but the majority of the stakeholders perceived that this was still not enough.
“It increases the load of preceptors, of which there are still the same number. Every faculty is competing.” (Academic member 22)
Stakeholders felt there were benefits for institutions if they are offered as training sites (e.g., contributing to the pharmacy profession, updating preceptors’ knowledge and skills, having highly competent academic members who are able to empower preceptors and enhance training sites and opportunities to recruit well-performing pharmacy students).
“Training pharmacy students is my responsibility. I am a pharmacist and I want to make the pharmacy profession stronger. I am proud to be a preceptor.” (Pharmacist 24)
However, the majority of the interviewees had common concerns regarding the insufficient quantity and quality of preceptors. Stakeholders’ perceived barriers towards formal preceptor preparation, such as the workload (e.g., high routine workload of the preceptors, lack of time/money/management staff/space), inadequate role models, the need for more recognition and support from administrators regarding preceptors’ roles, training sites requiring standardisation and quality assurance, career progression as preceptors and a reward system for their clerkship workload, the need to put in place a preceptor development programme and the establishment of an active memorandum of understanding (MoU)/long term commitment between training sites and universities.
“You want an effective preceptor but you never train us. Is it too demanding? We already have a high workload.” (Pharmacist 25)
One employer in industrial pharmacy thought that the training patterns in the pharmaceutical sciences area should be reconsidered and needed changing. Academics who have more training in research should teach students about pharmaceutical sciences in the universities. This strategy might be better than sending students to be trained in industry, which has a limited number of preceptors, insufficient space and too few training sites. Of more concern, some trainers who were non-pharmacists in industrial pharmacy settings were diploma graduates who wondered about their qualification to teach pharmacy students.
“Increasing to six years and releasing students out into the real world to find experience for themselves is not the right way. Lecturers or master's degree students should be trained, and their experience will transfer to students. At least 20 students will be trained at each site, but the site employs only one pharmacist.” (Policy maker 4)
Lack of practical experience of the faculty members
Deans and policy makers had planned to increase the number of instructors in the pharmaceutical care area due the lack of pharmacy practice staff within academic institutions. Unfortunately, they found it was difficult to recruit pharmacy graduates to work as instructors in pharmaceutical care within academic institutions because they preferred to work in other pharmacy practice areas such as hospital or community pharmacy settings due to higher salaries and less stressful environments.
“Pharmacy graduates in pharm care preferred to work in the hospital more than to be a lecturer because of higher salary and less stress.” (Policy maker 9)
Highly performing academic staff in the pharmaceutical care area who have graduated from a pharmacotherapy residency programme are scarce and are in great demand. They also act as role models for PharmD students. Senior academics and experts said that they work very hard and that faculty have to take care of them and not let them become burnt out by the high workload.
Separate licences
Previously there has only been one type of license for Thai pharmacists across all pharmacy practice settings. Pharmacy graduates from both the BPharm and PharmD programmes have been required to take the same national licensure examination. However, the PharmD students who start their pharmacy education in and after 2015 will have to take two pharmacy licensure examinations: the first examination is for pharmacy core competency at the end of their fourth year and the second examination is for their specialised competency at the end of their sixth year. The examination had to be separated into two different examinations because those two tracks were very different in terms of their specialties (e.g., knowledge content, clerkship experiences and specialised skills) but they still have the same license. Separate licenses were mentioned in earlier stages of decision making.
Some faculty members were concerned about the vision of the Thai pharmacy profession. If it aimed to move practitioners from being generalists to specialist pharmacists, different types of pharmacy licenses should be offered. Some policy makers advised to offer separate pharmacy licences in the future, and pharmacists should not work across the professional pharmacy tracks; for instance, pharmacy graduates in pharmaceutical industrial should not work in community pharmacy because they may not have sufficient competency. Pharmacy professionals in specific areas should work only in their area because this represents a commitment to the development of the pharmacy profession in those specific areas. They might cross over to other tracks, but there should be a system to assess their competencies (e.g., taking a training course or continuation of their pharmacy education) to ensure the delivery of good pharmacy practice and to meet the required standard in each practice area.
“Separate licences seems to narrow down pharmacists’ opportunities to work in various settings. However, we need to be specialised, which requires different competencies. So, there should be separate licenses.” (Policy maker 6)
On the other hand, some academics said that there should be only one license. They thought that the advantages were as follows: an opportunity to work in various areas of pharmacy practice, as in the past, and one license would, or at least could, unite the pharmacy profession. The situation was frequently compared to the doctor’s license: a doctor has only one license but different doctors might have different specialties.
Discussion
In the past three decades, the roles of pharmacists globally have changed dramatically. Pharmacists responsibility are not merely in compounding or dispensing medicines but in providing a professional role in patient care [7]. The main limitation to developing advanced clinical roles is a lack of clinical skills. The genesis of the 6-year PharmD programme in Thailand began from the needs of pharmacists who would like to develop themselves to provide a better standard of patient care. It was similar to the adoption of the PharmD in the US, Canada and South Korea that was led by the needs of clinical pharmacists who had higher competency in patient care [10, 89, 90]. The PharmD programme is the model for the pharmaceutical care programmes employed by many other countries [11]. It has been mentioned in many countries who have adopted, or plan to [8] adopt, this programme to produce pharmacy graduates who have high levels of knowledge and skill in pharmaceutical care and who work well together with other health care providers [7, 91, 92].
The strong cooperative network of PECT and the US-Thai consortium for the development of pharmacy education in Thailand appeared to be the most important influence on the development of the PharmD programme in Thailand [18, 20–22]. Another important influence is the regulatory body that has the authority to make the policy a reality. The process of the ‘all-PharmD’ programme has also been mandated by the authorities in many countries (e.g., Canada, Japan, South Korea) [7, 10, 93].
Interviewees in the pharmaceutical care area appeared to welcome the 6-year PharmD programme due to this new programme being a step-up process for the pharmacy profession that has the same curriculum duration as the MD or DDS degree, filling the gap left by the 5-year BPharm programme, which involved less practice and might produce a graduate who had insufficient competencies to practice on the job market today. This benefit was also mentioned in the adoption of a 6-year pharmacy programme in the US and South Korea [8, 94]. Another important benefit is that PharmD graduates are ready to work, with little support, following graduation and thus are becoming increasingly common and valued in the Thai health system [21, 95, 96].
Thailand is among the world’s middle income countries. An average monthly income per household in the whole Kingdom of Thailand in 2013 was 25,194 baht (£477 or $746) [97]. The expenditure for one full time student at faculty of pharmacy of a public university was 140,000 baht per year (£2,700 or $4,100) [98]. The proposed increased average cost to cover the additional one year in the PharmD programme was 600,000,000 baht (£11,590,000 or $17,780,000) [48]. Some parents in this study and others reported concerns about the cost of pharmacy education, which can be a major financial investment. However, they were prepared to support their students or seek other financial support such as grants, scholarships or government-sponsored student loan schemes [99–101]. Some academic staff were concerned that the increase of an extra year of education would limit the ability of students to start earning an income and might be a burden for students, their families and the government. This study noted the same considerations as another study [100, 101], in that the curriculum should be designed to deliver an effective education that is able to produce competent pharmacy graduates while also saving money and time. Some students were concerned about the fact that tuition have increased fees but salaries and available positions have not increased, which was a similar concern in the US [100]. Cain et al. suggested that it is necessary to ensure that excellent students are not deterred from pharmacy education by concerns about insurmountable costs or debt after graduation [100].
There were also concerns about the insufficient quantity and quality of trained preceptors, multidisciplinary learning and practice in training sites, quality assurance, support and recognition from administration, and a preceptor development programme [102, 103].
The Thai and Pakistani PharmD curricula are both different from the US PharmD [37, 104]. They were adapted to meet the country’s needs by including clinical tracks and industrial pharmacy tracks. In 2012, the percentages of Thai pharmacists in each sector were as follows: hospital (40 %), pharmacy marketing (22 %), community pharmacy (17 %), pharmaceutical industry (10 %), consumer protection (6 %) and education (5 %) [5, 105]. Hence, a single pattern pharmacy programme might not be able to produce all of the competencies needed in all of the pharmacy practice areas [3, 5]. This study found a mismatch between pharmacy graduates’ competencies and the requirements of the job market. Competencies required for an industrial pharmacist are completely different from a pharmacist who provides pharmaceutical care in tertiary hospitals or from the community pharmacist who provides home health care and health promotion [23, 37]. It is interesting that most pharmaceutical sciences track graduates appeared to work in the community pharmacy setting. Academics should seriously revise the content and practical experiences in the curriculum to meet the needs of graduates and Thai society [1, 3, 106]. Faculties should coordinate with the various Thai pharmacy associations, such as the Association of Hospital Pharmacy (Thailand), Community Pharmacy Association (Thailand), Thai Industrial Pharmacist Association, and Marketing Pharmacy Association of Thailand to update the competencies required by pharmacy graduates. Faculties must adapt more quickly (their vision, academic workforce planning, providing facilities, preceptor co-development programme, legal considerations affecting pharmacists’ roles and responsibilities) to support the needs of society and rapidly changing health care systems [1, 7, 39, 93, 104].
This study might be of interest to faculties and policy makers to develop pharmacy curricula and national pharmacy competency standards to produce future pharmacy practitioners and pharmaceutical scientists who are ready to work to deliver high-quality services to patients and the public and also consider national pharmacy workforce planning to propose numbers of prospective pharmacy students in different specialties.
The limitation of this study lies in the volunteer participants. Some informants who were involved in the transition process did not participate in this study. It is unclear whether there are differences in the experience and perceptions of the two groups of informants: those who decided to participate and those who did not participate in this study. The findings might be influenced by some participants’ enthusiasm about this transition [107]. However, this study attempted to include a maximum variation of participants [65], including those who agree and do not agree with this curriculum change. Another limitation is that the transition to an all-PharmD programme is still at an early stage. The first cohort of “all-PharmD students” graduated in March 2015, so the benefit or merit of this transition in terms of both education and services might not be clearly visible at the time of this study (2013). More prolonged and in-depth study is needed to determine the impact of the transition on students' competencies, professional performance in pharmacy services and the satisfaction of employers and society [107].
Conclusions
This is the first study of its kind to highlight the issues surrounding the transition to the 6-year PharmD programme in Thailand, which was initiated due to the need for higher levels of competency for the nation’s pharmacists. The transition was influenced by many factors (e.g., the global trend towards providing patient care services, cooperation of four pharmacy faculties and the Ministry of Public Health to develop a foundation for clinical pharmacy activities in hospital settings, the US-Thai consortium for the development of pharmacy education, which founded by the PECT, and the establishment of the PCT). Many participants perceived benefits from the new pharmacy curriculum; for example, the PharmD graduates will acquire an advanced pharmacy professional degree, improve pharmacy competencies from generalists to specialists, will be ready to work as pharmacists after graduation, will understand health care teams and will provide a high quality of patient care. However, some participants were concerned regarding the curriculum change, such as regarding the higher costs of a longer period of time for study, the mismatch between the pharmacy graduates’ competencies and the job market’s needs, the need to consider designing the curriculum to suit pharmacy services in other areas in addition to tertiary care settings (e.g., primary care, community pharmacy, consumer protection), and that the number of graduates in IP-PD might exceed the needs of industry, leading them to pursue career paths in community pharmacy for which they were not well prepared. The most crucial concerns are about the insufficient preceptors and training sites, the lack of practical experience of the faculty members and issues related to separate licenses due to the differences in graduates’ specialties. Although most of the respondents accepted the need to go forward to the 6-year PharmD programme, the design of an effective curricular, providing a sufficient number of qualified PharmD preceptors, determining certain competencies of pharmacists in different practices and monitoring the quality of pharmacy education still need to be addressed in this transition stage of pharmacy education in Thailand.
Abbreviations
- DDS:
-
Doctor of Dental Surgery
- DVM:
-
Doctor of Veterinary Medicine
- FIPEd :
-
International Pharmaceutical Federation Education Development Team
- IP-PD:
-
Industrial Pharmacy-PharmD programme
- MD:
-
Doctor of Medicine
- MoPH:
-
Ministry of Public Health
- PC-PD:
-
Pharmaceutical care-PharmD programme
- PharmD:
-
Doctor of Pharmacy
- PECT:
-
The Pharmacy Education Consortium of Thailand
- PCT:
-
The Pharmacy Council of Thailand
- SAP:
-
Social and Administrative Pharmacy
- WHO:
-
The World Health Organization
- UNESCO:
-
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
- US:
-
The United States of America
References
Anderson C, Bates I, Brock T, Brown AN, Bruno A, Futter B, et al. Needs-based education in the context of globalization. Am J Pharm Educ. 2012;76(4):56.
Rouse M, Meštrovic A. Quality assurance of pharmacy education: the FIP Global Framework. The Hague, The Netherlands: International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP); 2014.
Anderson C, Futter B. PharmD or needs based education: which comes first? Am J Pharm Educ. 2009;73(5):92.
FIP. 2012 FIP Global Pharmacy: Workforce report. International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP), The Hague, The Natherlands. 2012. URL: www.fip.org/static/fipeducation/2012/FIP-Workforce-Report-2012/?page=hr2012. Accessed December 10 2013.
Manasse HR. Perpectives on the global evolution and development of pharmacy. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2013;70(8):675–9.
Anderson C, Bates I, Futter B, Gal D, Rouse M, Whitmarsh S. Global perspectives of pharmacy education and practice. World Med & Health Policy. 2010;2(1):2.
Frankel G, Louizos C, Austin Z. Canadian educational approaches for the advancement of pharmacy practice. Am J Pharm Educ. 2014;78(7):143.
Yoo S, Song S, Lee S, Kwon K, Kim E. Addressing the academic gap between 4- and 6-year pharmacy programs in South Korea. Am J Pharm Educ. 2014;78(8):149.
Austin Z, Ensom MHH. Education of Pharmacists in Canada. Am J Pharm Educ. 2008;72(6):128.
Kishi DT. Japanese pharmaceutical education: impications for Americans teaching Japanese pharmacy students. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2001;58(11):1032–5.
Lin Y-Y. Evolution of Pharm D education and patient service in the USA. J Exp Clin Med. 2012;4(4):227–30.
Amir M. The after effects of implementing the PharmD degree in developing countries. Am J Pharm Educ. 2011;75(6):124. Letter.
Jamshed S, Babar ZUD, Masood I. The PharmD degree in developing countries. Am J Pharm Educ. 2007;71(6):125. Letter.
Ghayur MN. Pharmacy education in developing countries: need for a change. Am J Pharm Educ. 2008;72(4):94.
Thomas D, Paul MC, Sumitha C. Genesis and development of pharmacy education and Pharm D in Asia. Int J Pharm Ther. 2011;2(2):61–7.
Ahmed SI, Hassali MAA. The controversy of PharmD degree. Am J Pharm Educ. 2008;72(3):71. Letter.
Pramyothin P. Archives of 100 years Pharmacy Profession. Bangkok: Pharmacy for society foundation (PSF); 2013.
Pongcharoensuk P, Prakongpan S. Centennial pharmacy education in Thailand. J Asian Assoc Schools Pharm. 2012;1(1):8–15.
Kapol N, Maitreemit P, Pongcharoensuk P, Armstrong E. Evaluation of curricula content based on Thai pharmacy competency standards. Am J Pharm Educ. 2008;72(1):9.
Sonthisombat P. Pharmacy student and preceptor perceptions of preceptor teaching behaviors. Am J Pharm Educ. 2008;72(5):110.
Srisopa S, Asuphon O, Montakantikul P. Role of clinical pharmacists for managing infectious diseases in Thailand. J Infect Dis Antimicrob Agents. 2012;29(3):105–12.
Keokitichai S. Emerging core curriculum: assertive strategies in pharmacy education, research and practices. FIP’s World Congress of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 31 August – 4 September 2014 Bangkok, Thailand: 2014.
Sumpradit N, Suttajit S, Hunnangkul S, Wisaijohn T, Putthasri W. Comparison of self-reported professional competency across pharmacy education programs: a survey of Thai pharmacy graduates enrolled in the public service program. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2014;5:347–57.
The past, current status and future trends of pharmacy education in Thailand. In: Tassaneeyakul W, Suthisisang C, Paeratakul O, Sornlertlamvanich K, Napaporn J, Kongkaew C, editors. The General Assembly of Thai Pharmacy to Mark 100 Years of Pharmaceutical Practice and Studies in Thailand; Bangkok, Thailand 2013.
Faculty of Pharmacy Mahidol University. Brief History of Pharmacy Education in Thailand. 2013. URL: www.pharmacy.mahidol.ac.th/eng/aboutus.php. Accessed March 14 2014.
Nawanopparatsakul S, Keokitichai S, Wiyakarn S, Chantaraskul C. Challenges of pharmacy education in Thailand. Silpakorn University International Journal. 2009–2010; 9–10:19–39.
The Royal Thai Government Gazette. The Medical Professions Act of 1936. 1937. URL: www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2480/A/160.PDF. Accessed 06 March 2014.
The Royal Thai Government Gazette Vol 125 SPN, dated 3rd April. The Pharmacy Council of Thailand’s regulation about accredited pharmacy degree 2008. URL: www.pharmacycouncil.org/share/file/file_269.pdf. Accessed March 12 2014.
Pitaknitinun K, Jongsirilerd P. The coorperation project of the development and establish of curriculum of Master degree in clinical pharmacy in module system by Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Chiangmai Univeristy, Silpakorn Univesity and Prince of Songkla University and Bureau of Health Service System Development, Department of Health Service Support. Ministry of Public Health. IJPS. 2008;4(2):1–12.
Pramyothin P, Sripanidkulchai B, Thirawarapan S, Khunkitti W. Strategies for managing pharmacy education in next two decades: Ministry of University Affairs, Thailand 1999.
College of Pharmacy University of Minnesota. Around the Globe: U.S.-Thai consortium helps improve pharmacy education in Thailand. Pharmacy Record. 2011.
Millard WJ, Kemp D. U.S.-Thai consortium activities. In: Office of research and graduate studies 2004–2005 Annual report. Florida: College of Pharmacy, University of Florida; 2005.
Sakolchai S. Challenging issues for higher education: How do Thai schools of pharmacy prepare themselves? 2004 US-Thai consortium meeting: A celebration of a decade of collaboration. Chicago, Illinois: US-Thai consortium; 2004.
Srichana T. Overview of the activites of US-Thai consortium on pharmacy education. 2012.
Sripanidkulchai B. U.S.-Thai consortium and development of pharmacy education in Thailand. In: American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) meeting. Chicago: American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy; 2008.
Titwan A. Pharmacy education in Thailand: past-present-future. 2004 US-Thai consortium meeting: A celebration of a decade of collaboration. Chicago, Illinois: US-Thai consortium; 2004.
Chanakit T, Low BY, Wongpoowarak P, Moolasarn S, Anderson C. A survey of pharmacy education in Thailand. Am J Pharm Educ. 2014;78(9):161.
Matichon. Pharmacy curriculum change to a six-year programme across Thailand start from 2009. Matichon. 2007; p. 27.
Hill DS. The “Entry-Level” Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) Degree Issue for Schools of Pharmacy in Canada. Association of Faculties of Pharmacy of Canada: Background Paper; 1999.
Carroll NV, Erwin WG, Beaman MA. A Comparison of practice patterns and job satisfaction of California and non-California PharmD graduates: Some implications for the entry level PharmD issue. Am J Pharm Educ. 1984;48(3):236–8.
Koda-Kimble M, Herfindal E, Shimomura S, Adler D, Bernstein L. Practice patterns, attitudes, and activities of University of California Pharm.D. graduates. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1985;42(11):2463–71.
Ried L, McGhan W. PharmD or BS: Does the degree really make a difference in pharmacists’ job satisfaction. Am J Pharm Educ. 1986;50(1):1–5.
Barnett C, Matthews H. Practice patterns of BS, postbaccalaureate PharmD and entry-level PharmD graduates of one school of pharmacy. Am J Pharm Educ. 1992;56(4):367–73.
Fjortoft N, Lee M. Comparison of activities and attitudes of baccalaureate level and entry-level doctor of pharmacy graduates of the University of Illinois at Chicago. Ann Pharmacother. 1995;29:977–82.
Koleba T, Marin JG, Jewesson PJ. Entry-level PharmD degree programs in Canada: some facts and stakeholder opinions. Can Pharm J. 2006;139(6):42–50.
Mort JR, Houglum JE, Kaatz B. Use of Outcomes in the Development of an Entry Level PharmD Curriculum. Am J Pharm Ed. 1995;59:327–33.
Wongpoowarak P, Sitaruno S, Puttarak P, La-ongkaew S, editors. Stakeholders satisfaction toward the PharmD graduates of Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University. Southern Pharmacy Symposium 2013; Prince of Songkhla University International Convention Centre, Prince of Songkla University.
PharmaCafe.com. The Pharmacy Council will have policy for all 6 year PharmD programme;. 2008. URL: www.pharmacafe.com/board/viewtopic.php?f=31&t=19702&start=180. Accessed 23 April 2014) [in Thai].
ASTV Manager Online. Pharmacy oppose the transition to a six-year pharmacy curriculum. ASTV Manager Online2009.
The Pharmacy Council of Thailand. The core pharmacy course structure guideline. 2012. URL: www.pharmacycouncil.org/share/file/file_193.pdf. Accessed October 10 2013.
Anderson C. Education trends, innovations and transformations - case studies. In: Bruno A, editor. 2013 FIDEd Global Education Report. The Natherlands: International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP); 2013. p. 24–33.
The Pharmacy Council of Thailand. Competency in industrial pharmacy. The Pharmacy Council of Thailand. 2013. URL: www.pharmacycouncil.org/share/file/file_469.pdf. Accessed 20 March 2014.
The Pharmacy Council of Thailand. Thai Pharmacy Competency Standards. The Pharmacy Council of Thailand. 2012. URL: www.pharmacycouncil.org/share/file/file_195.pdf. Accessed 20 March 2014.
Bates I, Bruno A, Arakawa N. Global education description: 2013 FIPEd Global Education Report. In: 2013 FIPEd Global Education Report. International Pharmaceutical Federation, The Natherlands. 2013. URL: www.fip.org/files/fip/FIPEd_Global_Education_Report_2013.pdf. Accessed March 06 2014.
Hoat LN, Viet NL, Wilt G, Broerse J, Ruitenberg E, Wright E. Motivation of university and non-university stakeholders to change medical education in Vietnam. BMC Med Educ. 2009;9:49.
Anderson C, Brock T, Bates I, Rouse M, Marriott J, Manasse H, et al. Transforming Health Professional Education. Am J Pharm Educ. 2011;75:2.
Kirschenbaum HL, Brown ME, Kalis MM. Programmatic curricular outcomes assessment at colleges and schools of pharmacy in the United States and Puerto Rico. Am J Pharm Educ. 2006;70(1):8.
MacCarrick G. Curriculum reform: a narrated journey. Med Educ. 2009;43:979–88.
Hinton L, Kurinczuk JJ, Ziebland S. Reassured or fobbed off? Perspectives on infertility consultations in primary care: a qualitative study. Br J Gen Pract. 2012;62(599):e438–45.
Harvey J, Avery AJ, Ashcroft D, Boyd M, Phipps DL, Barber N. Exploring safety systems for dispensing in community pharmacies: focusing on how staff relate to organizational components. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2015;11(2):216–27.
Guion LA. Triangulation: establishing the validity of qualitative studies. Department of Family, Youth and Community Sciences, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. 2002. URL: www.rayman-bacchus.net/uploads/documents/Triangulation.pdf. Accessed 10 September 2015.
Creswell JW. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE publications, Inc; 2013.
Illing JC, Morrow GM, Kergon CRRn, Burford BC, Baldauf BK, Davies CL et al. Perceptions of UK medical graduates' perparedness for practice: a multi-centre qualitative study reflecting the importance of learning on the job. BMC Med Educ. 2013;13(34). doi:10.1186/1472-6920-13-34.
Hinton L, Locock L, Knight M. Maternal critical care: what can we learn from patient experience? A qualitative study. BMJ Open. 2015;5(4):e006676. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006676.
Hinton L, Locock L, Knight M. Partner experiences of "Near-Miss" events in pregnancy and childbirth in the UK: a qualitative study. PLOS ONE. 2014;9(4):e91735.
Glaser BG, Strauss AL. The discovery of grounded theory: strategies for qualitative research. London: AldineTransaction; 1967.
Charmaz K. Constructing grounded theory: a practical guide through qualitative analysis. London: SAGE Publications Ltd; 2006.
Flick U. An introduction to qualitative research. London: Sage Publications Ltd; 2009.
Lee ML, Hassali MA, Shafie AA. A qualitative exploration of the reasons for the discontinuation of smoking cessation treatment among quit smoking clinics' defaulters and health care providers in Malaysia. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2013;9(4):405–18.
Corden A, Sainsbury R. Using verbatim quotations in reporting qualitative social research: researchers' views. Social policy research unit: University of York; 2006.
Lincoln YS, Guba EG. Naturalistic inquiry. Newbury Park: Sage Publications; 1985.
Guba EG. ERIC/ECTJ Annual Review Paper: Criteria for asessing the trustworthiness of naturalistic inquiries. Educational Communication and Technology. 1981;29(2):75–91.
Gill PJ, Hislop J, Mant D, Harnden A. General practitioners’ views on quality markers for children in UK primary care: a qualitative study. BMC Family Practice 2012; 13(92). doi:10.1186/1471-2296-13-92.
Larson ML. Meaning-based translation: a guide to cross-language equivalence. 2nd ed. New York: University Press of American, Inc.; 1998.
Chen H, Boore JR. Translation and back-translation in qualitative nursing research: methodological review. J Clin Nurs. 2010;19(1–2):234–9.
Squires A. Methodological challenges in cross-language qualitative research: a research review. Int J Nurs Stud. 2009;46(2):277–87. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2008.08.006.
Kamarudin G, Penm J, Chaar B, Moles R. Preparing hospital pharmacists to prescribe: stakeholders' views of postgraduate courses. Int J Pharm Pract. 2013;21(4):243–51.
Fereday J, Muir-Cochrane E. Demonstrating rigor using thematic analysis: a hybrid approach of inductive and deductive coding and theme development. International Journal of Qualitative Methods. 2006;5(1):80–92.
Whiteley A. Grouned research: A modified grounded theory for the business setting. Graduate School of Business Working Paper Series: no.19. Curtin University of Technology, Graduate School of Business; 2000.
Saleh AM, Shabila NP, Dabbagh AA, Al-Tawil NG, Al-Hadithi TS. A qualitative assessment of faculty perspectives of small group teaching experience in Iraq. BMC Med Educ. 2015;15(19). doi:10.1186/s12909-015-0304-7.
Latif A, Boardman HF, Pollock K. A qualitative study exploring the impact and consequence of the medicines use review service on pharmacy support-staff. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2013;11(2):118–24.
Payakachat N, Gubbins PO, Ragland D, Norman SE, Flowers SK, Stowe CD, et al. Academic help-seeking behavior among student pharmacists. Am J Pharm Educ. 2013;77(1):7.
Guest G, MacQueen KM, Namey EE. Validity and reliability (credibility and dependability) in qualitative research and data analysis. In: Knight V, Habib L, Koscielak K, Virding A, Rosenstein A, editors. Applied thematic analysis. London: Sage Publications; 2012. p. 79–106.
Anderson C. Presenting and evaluation qualitative research. Am J Pharm Educ. 2010;74(8):141.
Creswell JW. Research design, qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2003.
Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology. 2008;3(2):77–101.
Ziebland S, McPherson A. Making sense of qualitative data analysis: an introduction with illustrations from DIPEX (personal experiences of health and illness). Med Educ. 2006;40:405–14.
Strauss AL, Corbin JM. Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Newbury Park: Sage Publications; 1990.
Dolder C, Nakagawa S, Sakamaki A. Changes in Japanese pharmacy education and practice. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2008;65(3):201–2. Letter.
Raman-Wilms L. Evolution in pharmacy education: developing effective patient care practitioners. Can J Hosp Pharm. 2012;65(4):253–7.
American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. Commission to implement change in pharmaceutical education. American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP). 2013. URL: www.aacp.org/resources/historicaldocuments/Documents/COMMISSPOSPAPER3.pdf. Accessed December 01 2013.
Kim E, Ghimire S. Career perspectives of future graduates of the newly implemented 6-year pharmacy educational system in South Korea. Am J Pharm Educ. 2013;77(2):37. Letters.
Knapp DA. The rocky road to educational change: adopting the entry-level PharmD at Maryland, 1989–93. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2011;51(6):692–701.
Janke KK, Traynor AP, Boyle CJ. Competencies for student leadership development in Doctor of Pharmacy curricula to assist curriculum committees and leadership instructors. Am J Pharm Educ. 2013;77(10):222.
Ngorsuraches S, Chaibu B. Pharmacist compensation survey in Thailand. Thai J Pharm Sci. 2004;28(3–4):125–34.
Aisoonphisarnkul P, Kittisopee T, Sakulbumrungsil R. A needs assessment study of pharmaceutical care curriculum. Thai J Hosp Pharm. 2012;22(2):153–67.
National Statistical Office. Average montly income per household: 1996–2013. In: Office NS, editor. Bangkok, Thailand: Ministry of Information and Communication technology; 2013.
Clungsombat M. The analysis of expenditure per student of Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University in the 2005 fiscal year. Phitsanulok: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University; 2005.
Ziderman A. Student loans in Thailand: are they effective, equitable, sustainable? Bangkok: UNESCO Bangkok: International Institute for Educational Planning; 2003.
Cain J, Campbell T, Congdon HB, Hancock K, Kaun M, Lockman PR, et al. Pharmacy student debt and return on investment of a pharmacy education. Am J Pharm Educ. 2014;78(1):5.
Cain J, Campbell T, Congdon HB, Hancock K, Kaun M, Lockman PR, et al. Complex issues affecting student pharmacist debt. Am J Pharm Educ. 2014;78(7):131.
Danielson J, Craddick K, Eccles D, Kwasnik A, O'Sullivan TA. A qualitative analysis of common concerns about challenges facing pharmacy experiential education programs. Am J Pharm Educ. 2015;79(1):6.
Chan TY, Candlish C, Markham A, Worsley A. An analysis of transnational pharmacy education in Asia Pacific Region. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Presentation at the 9th Commonwealth Pharmaceutical Association Conference cum Malaysian Pharmaceutical Society Pharmacy Scientific Conference 2007; 2007.
Babar Z, Scahill SL, Akhlaq M, Garg S. A bibliometric review of pharmacy education literature in the context of low-to middle-income countries. Currents Pharm Teach Learn. 2013;5(3):218–32.
Prapunwattana M. Thailand pharmacy professional assembly (99 years). Nonthaburi: The Pharmacy Council of Thailand; 2012. p. 60.
Anderson C, Bates I, Brock T, Brown A, Bruno A, Gal D, et al. Highlights from the FIPEd Global Education Report. Am J Pharm Educ. 2014;78(1):4.
Sherer R, Dong H, Yenfeng Z, Stern S, Jiong Y, Matlin K, et al. Medical education reform in Wuhan University, China: A preliminary report of an international collaboration. Teach Learn Med. 2015;25(2):148–54.
Maitreemit P, Pongcharoensuk P, Kapol N, Armstrong EP. Pharmacist perceptions of new competency standards. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2008;6(3):113–20.
Hall J. The profession and practice of pharmacy. Pharmacy practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2013.
The Pharmacy Education Consortium of Thailand (PECT). The Pharmacy Education Consortium of Thailand:Organization profile 2014. 2014. URL: www.pect.pharmacycouncil.org/?page_id=199. Accessed 07 May 2015.
Cain J, Noel Z, Smith KM, Romanelli F. Four rights of the pharmacy educational consumer. Am J Pharm Educ. 2014;78(6):115.
Why parents play an important role in university life. In: The Independent. 13 August 2006. URL: www.independent.co.uk/news/education/higher/why-parents-play-an-important-role-in-university-life-411868.html.
Harper CE, Sax LJ, Wolf DSS. The role of parents in college students' sociopolical awareness, academic and social development. J Student Affairs Res Pract. 2012;49(2):137–56.
Yanchick VA. Multidisciplinary Education: a challenge for pharmacy education. Am J Pharm Educ. 2004;68(3):77.
Al-Arifi MN. Patients' perception, views and satisfaction with pharmacists' role as health care provider in community pharmacy setting at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J. 2012;20(4):323–30.
Shiyanbola OO, Mort JR. Patients’ perceived value of pharmacy quality measures: a mixed-methods study. BMJ Open. 2015;5:e006086.
O'Keefe M, Jones A. Promoting lay participation in medical school curriculum development: lay and faculty perceptions. Med Educ. 2007;41:130–7.
The General Pharmaceutical Council. Public perceptions of pharmacies: Ipsos Public Affairs: The Social Research and Corporate Reputation Specialists. 2014.
Acknowledgements
The researchers would like to thank the Thai Royal Government for the funds granted to undertake this research and would like to thank all participants for their kind participation. The researchers would like to thank Assist.Prof.Dr. Mayuree Tangkiatkumjai, Mrs. Aporn Jaturapatarawong for their valuable recommendations on the data analyses.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Competing interests
The authors declare they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
TC conceived the study, conducted the semi-structure interviews, coordination of the study, writing, revision and submission of the manuscript. TC, CA, BY designed the study, data analyses and writing of the manuscript. SM, PY advised on the feasibility of the study, data analyses and writing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
About this article
Cite this article
Chanakit, T., Low, B.Y., Wongpoowarak, P. et al. Does a transition in education equate to a transition in practice? Thai stakeholder’s perceptions of the introduction of the Doctor of Pharmacy programme. BMC Med Educ 15, 205 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-015-0473-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-015-0473-4