Background

Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are the two most common forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which is a complex chronic disease increasing worldwide [1]. IBD is believed to result from a combination of genetic, gut microbiome, and environmental factors, including diet [2]. Patients with IBD experience a wide range of symptoms, such as abdominal pain, chronic and recurrent diarrhoea, fatigue, and more, which severely affect their health and quality of life [1]. Due to the large heterogeneity of IBD and the diversity of treatments, modern management of IBD should be a joint decision between informed patients [2, 3]. Health information seeking has become a common phenomenon for people with IBD during participation in medical decision-making and self-management of the disease. In the field of information science and chronic disease research, previous studies have demonstrated that a person’s health information-seeking behaviour has the potential to positively influence the process and outcomes related to coping with or adjusting to an illness or condition, such as improving treatment adherence and self-management abilities [4, 5]. However, it can also have adverse effects, such as contributing to health anxiety (e.g., Cyberchondria), intensifying doctor-patient conflicts, and leading to excessive healthcare utilization [6,7,8]. Furthermore, patients seeking health information may encounter conflicting information from various sources, such as the internet, expert opinions, reputable medical websites, and anecdotes [9]. Reviewing and reconciling these conflicting pieces of information can exacerbate patients’ medical decision-making conflicts, ultimately influencing their treatment choices and outcomes [9, 10]. Therefore, it is vital to thoroughly understand the health information-seeking behaviours of patients with IBD, which could help health and information services enhance and facilitate their access to trustworthy information.

Health information-seeking behaviour (HISB) has been described as the purposeful seeking of information related to an individual's health, including health promotion activities, risk factors, and illnesses [11, 12]. In an extensive conceptual analysis of HISB by Zimmerman and Shaw [13] in 2020, the characteristics of HISB were divided into an information dimension and a method dimension, i.e., the types and amounts of health-related information sought, the specific actions implemented to obtain the information, and the sources used by individuals. The rapid development of information and communication technologies (ICTs) has recently heightened health information demand and expectations among consumers, constantly reshaping their HISB [14]. Given the diversity, accessibility, immediacy, and interactive nature of ICTs, they have expanded the breadth and depth of information available to patients and improved access to health information sources, such as mobile devices, websites, and social media [15]. It has captured the attention of many researchers, and many empirical studies have investigated the information needs and sources of information for people with IBD during this technologically advanced period [16,17,18]. However, to our best knowledge, few scoping or systematic reviews have directly addressed the HISB of patients with IBD and synthesised this body of knowledge in the digital era. Al Khoury et al. [19] systematically reviewed perspectives and expectations of patients with IBD. Although the systematic review demonstrated that patients with IBD expected more information about their disease process, shared decision-making, and symptom control, it provided limited details on their HISB, including the discretionary actions employed to get information and relevant variables. A scoping review of the evolution of perceived engagement and care needs of patients with IBD across the life-cycle also only briefly mentioned their information needs, lacking an in-depth analysis of characteristics and associated factors of HISB in the digital era [20]. Hence, it is necessary to conduct a scoping review of the HISB among patients with IBD during this technologically advanced period to inform better health information system designs and ensure better patient information services. In this scoping review, we aimed to examine the state of research on the HISB among patients with IBD and reveal the information and methodological characteristics and associated factors of HISB in the age of information.

Methods

This scoping review was undertaken in line with Arksey and O’Malley’s framework for scoping studies [21] and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines [22]. The purpose of this review is to provide our readers with an overview of how HISB among IBD patients has been studied and present implications for future research. While we have formulated four research questions to guide the review and provide structure, it is important to note that these questions serve as a framework to explore the various aspects of HISB among IBD patients, rather than to answer a specific and focused research question or to critically evaluate the available evidence. Hence, a scoping review was conducted instead of a systematic review [21, 23].

Identifying the research question

Based on the information and methodological characteristics of HISB, this review was guided by the following questions:

  1. 1.

    What are the health-related information needs of patients with IBD?

  2. 2.

    Where do they seek health information?

  3. 3.

    What are the types of health information-seeking behaviour of people with IBD?

  4. 4.

    What factors are associated with the HISB of patients with IBD?

Search strategy

The comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and CINAHL. Additionally, Chinese sources were also searched: China Biology Medicine Disc (CBMdisc), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and China Wanfang Database. Based on a preliminary review of the literature and our clinical and research experience, our search strategy combined the mesh subject headings (MESH) and a series of free-text terms for the following key terms: information seeking behaviour, help seeking behaviour, information sources, information needs, patient Education as topic, information preference, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Specific search terms were modified for each database (See Supplementary material 1). Besides, studies published from January 1, 2010 to April 10, 2023 were considered. Because this period witnessed revolutionary advancements in ICTs including mobile devices and social media developments [24, 25], and there is evidence that the majority of studies on the use of social media in healthcare were published after 2010 [26, 27]. To uncover supplementary research, we manually scrutinised the reference lists of the incorporated studies and relevant papers [21, 23]. The research team devised the search strategies, and the first author conducted the searches accordingly.

Eligibility criteria and study selection

The inclusion criteria for the studies were (1) peer-reviewed journal articles; (2) observational studies considering HISB of patients with IBD; (3) studies published in English or Chinese language. Studies were excluded for any one of the following: (1) reviews, comments or opinions, editorials, study protocols with no empirical data, or intervention studies; (2) included patients ≤ 18 years old, which groups are likely to have special HISB as with other paediatric patients with chronic diseases; (3) focused on the HISB of healthcare professionals (HCPs); (4) focused on analysing the quality of information on the Internet or social media; (5) studies with critical data missed, or full text unavailable.

Identified records were imported into Endnote X9 to form a single combined library. Of the 3,612 articles after deletion of duplicates, three reviewers (ZN, SL, and LZ) screened the first 200 articles to ensure a consistent understanding of the eligibility criteria [28]. Subsequently, two primary reviewers (ZN and LZ) independently screened the collated titles and abstracts. To avoid missing potentially pertinent studies, we did not pre-emptively eliminate papers that appear to focus on the characteristics or value of information sources at the title and abstract screening stage. The full texts of the remaining studies were retrieved and dependently screened for their eligibility by two reviewers (ZN and LZ), with any disputes resolved by a third reviewer (SL). Following the scoping review methodology, we did not perform any formal quality assessment on the studies in this review [21, 22].

Data extraction and synthesis

Two independent reviewers (ZN and LZ) manually extracted data from the included studies into Excel and summarized it in a tabular format. According to the objectives and review questions of this study, data for each study was extracted as follows: the first author, title, country, year of publication, study design, methodology, sample size, aims, health information needs, types of HISB, information sources, and associated factors. In case of disagreement between the pair, ZN and LZ reviewed the articles again and consulted with SL. Study authors were contacted for details when the necessary information was missing or incomplete.

We performed a content analysis of the included studies both deductively and inductively, because it leads to an enrichment of the understanding of the studied object [29,30,31]. In other words, we were receptive to new themes. In phase 1, in addition to transferring the data extracted to a data extraction form, the extracted data were uploaded into NVivo12. In NVivo12, the uploaded data were deductively coded into pre-defined main themes that matched the review questions and, thus, focused on results relating to health information needs, information sources, the types and associated factors of HISB. In phase 2, two reviewers (ZN and LZ) re-examined and synthesized in an inductive approach captured in the data within each theme, and identified sub-themes. In addition, in the themes of intervening variables and types of HISB, we further mapped the related sub-themes into Wilson's model of information behaviour [32]. To ensure rigor and minimize biases, the study team extensively repeated and re-evaluated the identified categories several times [33].

Wilson’s model of information behaviour depicts the information cycle, from information need to information use, and includes intervening variables and mechanisms significantly influencing information behaviour [32, 34]. Four different types of information-seeking behaviour are identified: passive attention, passive search, active search, and ongoing searching [32]. The first two are passive modes, and the last two are opposite. Passive attention refers to obtaining information without deliberately seeking it, such as through watching television or listening to the radio [32]. Passive search is a search for other types of information that happens to be relevant to the individual [32]. This exposure to relevant information through passive search often triggers an active search, where the individual actively seeks out additional information on the topic of interest. And it is the "primary mode" of information seeking [32]. Ongoing searching, another of the active modes, occurs when individuals periodically update or expand their knowledge framework after an active search has established the basic framework [32]. Additionally, Wilson categorised the intervening variables into five groups, including psychological, demographic, role-related or interpersonal, environmental, and source characteristics [32, 34].

Result

Study characteristics

In our preliminary search, a total of 4408 records were identified. After removing duplicates and screening, the final sample consisting of 56 studies was obtained (See Fig. 1), including six studies in Chinese [35,36,37,38,39,40]. Of all the studies, over half (n = 32, 57.14%) were published within the last five years, especially in 2021 (n = 10,17.9%). The included studies originated from 19 countries (based on the first author’s affiliations), with the majority from Europe (n = 28, 50%). A significant portion of the included studies (n = 34, 60.71%) employed quantitative approaches, while 17 (30.36%) utilised qualitative approaches, and 5 (8.93%) were based on mixed methods designs. As for specific methods, surveys were the primary choice (n = 32, 57.14%), followed by interviews or focus groups (n = 17, 30.36%). Interestingly, there are three studies analysing forum posts [41,42,43]. Regarding data types, all studies were based on cross-sectional data, and 5 studies (8.92%) utilized multicenter data. Participant sample sizes in the included articles varied widely, ranging from 13 [35] to 3,115,477 [44]. Four studies did not specify the sample size due to their methodology [41,42,43, 45]. Among the 44 studies (78.57%) involving participants with both Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC),12 (21.43%) also included participants with unspecified or other types of IBD diagnoses. Additionally, six studies (8.93%) focused on CD (n = 4) [18, 46,47,48] or UC (n = 2) [49, 50]. Among the final included studies, only a few (n = 2) examined HISB as a whole variable [16, 51], while the majority (n = 41) focused on one or two aspects of HISB, such as content of information needs, information sources, and types of seeking behaviour [13]. Approximately 73.21% (n = 41) of the studies discussed various information needs of patients, and 91.07% (n = 51) investigated patients' information sources. However, types of HISB based on Wilson's model were identified in only 67.86% of the studies (n = 38). (The overview of the included studies is presented in Supplementary material 2).

Fig.1
figure 1

PRISMA flow diagram

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Content of health information needs

We identified five main categories related to information needs from 46 studies [16,17,18, 35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43, 45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78], reporting on a total of 19 information needs (see Table 1). IBD treatment information (n = 39) was the most frequently mentioned category, primary focusing on medication details for patients with IBD. From the 16 studies that reported medicine-specific information needs, we noticed that patients with IBD were primarily focused on information about medication options [16, 42, 48, 51, 52, 55, 60, 63, 73, 74, 76, 77] and potential side effects of drugs [16, 18, 48, 51, 52, 54, 55, 62, 65, 73, 74, 76, 77]. Moreover, seven studies focused on specific information about surgery, including surgical procedures [46, 47, 50, 56, 57, 70], surgical complications, long-term recovery and practical matters such as returning to exercise, dietary restrictions, management of stomas, and cosmetic issues after surgery [46, 47, 49, 50, 57, 70]. Regarding information about alternative treatment, some studies indicated that certain patients expressed an interest in knowing the availability of non-conventional therapies for IBD and how these therapies can support their treatment [16, 74]. Other important categories of information needs identified included daily life and self-management (n = 36, 64.29%), IBD-related basic information (n = 33, 58.93%), and sex and reproductive health (n = 15,26.79%). Furthermore, We grouped some other information content into the miscellaneous category, including health insurance policy, medical resources, and research on new medicine [16,17,18, 35, 37, 39, 41, 45, 48, 51, 54, 55, 58,59,60, 62, 64,65,66, 68, 71, 73,74,75, 77]. And during the COVID-19 pandemic, two studies showed that they were more interested in information about how to deal with COVID-19 [58, 79].

Table 1 Information needs categories of patients with IBD
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In this scoping review, we found that many of the 46 studies (n = 21) prioritized patients' information needs without setting specific scenarios (such as focusing on surgery or pregnancy), and Table 2 presented the extracted top four ranked needs from each study. Medication information (n = 17) was identified by people with IBD as the most critical and necessary need out of the 19 information needs stated above, followed by diet and nutrition (n = 13) and generalities about the disease (n = 9).

Table 2 Prioritization of information needs
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Health information sources

The source of information is one of the frequently reported aspects of information in HISB studies [80]. Of all the included studies, 91.07% (n = 51) investigated the current sources of information for patients with IBD, and showed the most common sources were HCPs (n = 45) and online (n = 49). Further, we also made an in-depth analysis of the online information sources of patients due to their variety in the age of information. The majority of studies (n = 27) used the general internet as a whole to represent all online health information source. Social media (e.g., Facebook, Twitter) and online patient communities (n = 19) emerged as the most widely used online sources [60, 81]. Health websites (n = 15), owned by educational, commercial, governmental, and nonprofit organizations, were the third most commonly used source. Moreover, general search engines (e.g., Google, Wikipedia, NHS choices) were also frequently mentioned (n = 9). Only five articles mentioned the use of mobile internet services by people with IBD [17, 46, 60, 65, 68]. Notably, 32 studies also investigated where patients would most prefer to seek information. Face-to-face discussion with HCPs was the most frequently mentioned preferred source of information, followed by search engines (See Table 3).

Table 3 The current and preferred sources of information
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Types of HISB of patients with IBD

In these 38 studies showing the actions taken by patients with IBD to seek information, some indications were derived from the sources consulted and the patients quoted in the qualitative studies. We analysed the information to identify five types of HISB in people with IBD, four of which deductively mapped to the Wilson’s model. The results presented that active searching (n = 35) was the most mentioned types in included studies. Patients with IBD actively sought information from their HCPs and various online sources, including reputable health websites, general search engines, and social media [40, 56, 62]. Notably, we found that social information seeking was a typical feature of active searching among patients with IBD over the past decade. They regularly browsed, searched, and shared information about the disease through social networks and interactions with others (e.g., friends, colleagues, experts, and online communities) [42, 50, 56, 58, 62]. Many studies (n = 15) revealed that patients would occasionally or continuously search to gain knowledge about self-care or the latest research developments, which is called ongoing searching [11, 62]. Five studies displayed passive attention behaviour among some patients, where they inadvertently received information from their environment, such as through the radio or television [38, 40, 56, 79, 86]. Correspondingly, seven studies noted passive searching behaviour, whereby patients accessed relevant health information through regular activities like reading newspapers or magazines [17, 35, 63, 71, 83, 86, 88]. In addition to the four types of information-seeking behaviour in Wilson's model, it was observed that certain patients exhibited a lack of engagement in information-seeking behaviour or avoided seeking information [38, 51, 70, 75, 82] (See Table 4).

Table 4 The types of health information-seeking behaviour
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Associated factors of HISB

In our review, we grouped and summarised the main factors influencing any aspect of HISB from the 43 included studies into six categories (See Table 5). Five categories were in line with Wilson’s model, and an additional category was disease-related factors.

Table 5 Associated factors of HISB among patients with IBD
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Demographic characteristics were the most often reported associated factors. Studies showed that older patients used the Internet less often to find health information than younger patients [36, 59, 60, 64]. Some studies showed that women and patients with higher levels of education might have higher information needs and search for information more frequently [17, 52]. Furthermore, Reich et al. identified that black patients are more likely to use social media to access information and manage disease than white patients [84]. One study showed that individual income was significantly associated with information-seeking content [55].

Within the psychological aspects, the frequently mentioned factors were disease-related anxiety and fears [38, 69], individual preference [55, 58], and the experience of seeking health information [44, 63, 70, 84]. It was clear that disease-related anxiety and fear would both promote information seeking and lead to information-avoidance behaviour [16, 38, 56]. Some studies identified that frequent internet users were more likely to report using ICTs to seek information of interest [44, 84]. In addition, feelings during the information seeking process, such as being empathetic to the information and too time-consuming, could affect the patient's motivation to seek and source selection [63, 84].

Associated factors of the category ‘role-related or interpersonal’ were identified in four studies [48, 61, 68, 70], focusing on characteristics linked to an individual's social roles, interpersonal relationships, and group dynamics. Childbearing women, young patients, and patients with plans to have children have significantly higher information demands concerning fertility [48, 61]. A family history of IBD is associated with a higher preference for information [68]. Four studies addressed the category of ‘environmental aspects’ [36, 48, 85, 86]. In a survey from China, it was pointed out that patients may also pay attention to the usefulness and effectiveness of Chinese medicine or acupuncture [36]. And a multicentre, cross-sectional cohort study stated that significantly more patients in Eastern Europe independently searched for additional information regarding their disease than in Western Europe [85].

Another frequently stated category was source-related characteristics, including credibility and usefulness. The higher trustworthiness of sources and the better output quality might change patients’ HISB [17, 57, 60]. Moreover, patients with IBD would like to continue their search if they perceived the usefulness and importance of health information [58, 60]. Conversely, they might avoid or refuse information seeking when they perceived negative information [82]. Many studies indicated the usefulness of ways to access information could change patients’ choices of information sources [45, 47, 62, 81].

Disease-related factors were the common variables linked to their HISB. Disease duration and severity or activity of IBD were the two most commonly mentioned variables. Studies indicated that recently diagnosed patients and patients in the active stage had higher information needs and tended to search more actively for information [52, 54]. In contrast, patients in remission were mainly interested in recent advances in research and long-term disease evolution [16]. Moreover, patients using different medications sought out different information content [54, 66, 70, 73]. There appears to be a correlation between types of IBD and health information seeking [16, 72, 76, 81]. One study stated that patients with CD were significantly more concerned about disease-related information [72], while Pittet et al. found that UC patients expressed more demand for information and less satisfaction with the information received [16].

Discussion

This scoping review identified 56 studies reporting the HISB of people with IBD and provides an overview of characteristics and associated factors of HISB among patients with IBD in the digital era. Firstly, the content and sources of health information were clearly presented. Furthermore, we identified the types and factors of HISB among patients with IBD based on Wilson’s model of information behaviour. We anticipate that, to some extent, the framework of this paper can assist researchers in properly positioning their research aims in subsequent studies so that the objectives correspond to particular dimensions for in-depth empirical inquiry.

In our review, the results revealed diverse information needs among patients with IBD, encompassing fundamental aspects such as IBD-related information, treatment details, self-management strategies, and considerations related to sex and reproductive health, which align with previous reviews [19, 20, 89]. Furthermore, our analysis underscores the importance of prioritizing patients' information needs, given their dissatisfaction with current information and the range of requirements [19, 82]. In a recent scoping review, researchers emphasized nutritional information as a significant and frequently reported need among patients with IBD [89]. In contrast, the present scoping review demonstrated information about IBD treatment, especially medication information, was the most common and essential information to be met by patients in the included studies. This discrepancy may be because this review only included studies from 2010 onward, a period in which there have been significant changes and advances in pharmacotherapy as the primary treatment option for patients with IBD, such as the widespread adoption of biologics [3, 90]. Concerning sources of information, our review indicated that patients with IBD sought information through various channels. Face-to-face communication with HCPs, especially with IBD doctors and nurses, emerged as the preferred source due to its authority and credibility, consistent with findings in other reviews [20, 89]. However, the development of ICTs over the past decade has prompted an increasing number of patients to turn to online platforms, including social media and online communities, for supplementary information beyond what HCPs provide [14, 91, 92]. Despite the user-generated nature of ICTs being ideal for accessing a plethora of real-world experiences, concerns about the quality and reliability of the material may limit their utility [93, 94]. Some included studies stated patients often express concerns regarding the reliability and quality of information obtained through these channels [17, 60]. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that ICTs have reshaped the interactions of patients with healthcare providers. Some studies suggested that patients desired doctors to actively disseminate information on social platforms, which can facilitate easier access to high-quality information [60, 84]. This approach, which combines the strengths of both, may increasingly become the preferred method for patients seeking information.

To better understand patients' information-seeking behaviour, we used Wilson's model to analyse the types and factors of HISB among patients with IBD. Among patients with IBD, active searching appeared to be the predominant type of HISB, which is considered the most prevalent information-seeking behaviour in the Wilson’s Model [11]. Within our review, we noticed that social information seeking [95] is particularly visible. Because through social media, which is a key feature of Web 2.0 [96], patients can seek and share information with a broader range of people. Surprisingly, of all included studies, some showed ongoing searching behaviour in patients with IBD, similar to the findings in patients with other chronic diseases [97]. It may be because the characteristics of ICTs, such as diversity and accessibility, offer more possibilities for ongoing searches for people with IBD [15]. However, it is essential to note that passive seeking, including passive attention and passive searching, was identified in some included studies. Analogous observations in individuals with diabetes underscore the significance of attending to passive seeking due to its consequential impact on the medical decision-making process [98]. Notably, we also found information avoidance behaviour due to the negative information they perceived, which could lead to uninformed decisions and reinforcement of existing biases [99]. However, this phenomenon is rarely mentioned in the field of IBD, which requires further research to explore in depth.

The associated factors of HISB in patients with IBD, according to studies in the current scoping review, are echoed in the wider literature on health information seeking, especially about demographic characteristics [13, 100]. This review revealed that younger people utilized the Internet to find health information more frequently than older, and there was a significant connection between education level and active seeking behaviour. Besides, some included studies indicated that inactive information‐seekers were predominantly male. Source-related characteristics (e.g., credibility, usefulness) were also found to impact health information‐seeking. For instance, in a study exploring social media use among patients with IBD, Jason et al. identified significant concerns related to privacy/confidentiality and a lack of trust in posted information among patients with [81]. This finding was also reflected in a scoping review exploring the HISB of older adults, which indicated that the credibility and usefulness of sources could change the preferred information source [14]. In addition, as reflected in other reviews, the current review indicates factors related to disease and psychological aspects are part of the main associated factors of HISB in patients, such as disease duration, disease severity, and disease-related anxiety [14, 19, 98]. While we qualitatively identified various factors associated HISB in patients with IBD, the current depth of exploration primarily extends to demographic characteristics, leaving other aspects less thoroughly examined. Future research endeavors should aim to delve deeper into these unexplored dimensions.

Implications for future research

In general, this scoping review identifies the need for more in-depth studies of HISB in patients with IBD. Firstly, as for research methods, prevailing cross-sectional approaches lack depth in understanding HISB among patients with IBD. Our review underscores the necessity for repeated surveys to explore evolving HISB trends and further unveil the evolution of information-seeking themes or sources, enriching our comprehension of HISB dynamics among patients with IBD. Meanwhile, prior mixed methods research predominantly relied on quantitative questionnaire analyses and qualitative focus groups or interviews. Exploring a broader spectrum of methodologies for this subject in the future, such as eye tracking [101], desktop tracking [102], or think-aloud protocols with evaluation immediately after a health-related search [103], would offer more objective and intricate data. These approaches facilitate the analysis of patients' attention distribution and behavioral patterns during information search and browsing. For example, eye movement capture allows inferences about the extent of attention patients allocate to specific information and their preferences in information presentation. Next, as can be seen from the evidence above, current research explored many factors associated with HISB among patients with IBD. Future studies can explore the causal relationship between specific factors and HISB through various approaches, such as longitudinal research. Thirdly, while we qualitatively analyzed five types of HISB in patients with IBD based on the Wilson’s model, few of the included studies directly examined specific patient-seeking actions, such as passive attention and ongoing searching. It's worth noting that, due to the passive approach to information seeking, when participants were asked how they sought information, they tended to assume that the question was asking about their active information seeking. Future research and HCPs are suggested to place greater emphasis on the specific seeking actions of individuals with IBD, particularly focusing on passive seeking and avoidance seeking, to enhance a more comprehensive understanding of patients’ HISB. Additionally, with the development of the mobile internet and the internet of things, an increasing number of IBD patients turn to the Internet for information-seeking and sharing their views online. Future research should delve deeper into online HISB and social information-seeking among patients with IBD. Moreover, it could be explored the relationship between HISB and online health-related content generation by patients with IBD. Finally, existing educational interventions may not well meet the information needs of people with IBD, especially among newly diagnosed patients [104]. Our reviews revealed the most preferred source of information is HCPs. In the digital health era, integrating resources, such as establishing an HCP-guided online community on social media, can enhance patient information-seeking. Furthermore, in the upcoming human-centred artificial intelligence era, personalized computer-based information resources could be developed, which could provide targeted support for people with IBD with different types of health information behaviours in various sociocultural settings.

Limitations

There are several limitations in this scoping review. First, the HISB among patients with IBD before 2010 was not reviewed, because we want to underline the HISB of contemporary patients with IBD. Besides, we did not search the grey literature and excluded articles not in Chinese or English, and it was inevitable that some meaningful literature would be missed. Moreover, we excluded articles on transition and paediatrics because we believed that a different, more focused review was needed at this particular time. Moreover, we did not conduct an analysis of temporal variations in the literature. As a result, future research could explore the application of knowledge graphs to systematically delineate article themes across various stages. This methodological approach holds promise for uncovering the nuanced impact of evolving technological and socio-cultural changes on HISB in individuals with IBD over time [14, 105, 106]. What’s more, given the limited scope of our study, we did not include research directly analysing the association between HISB and health behaviours or outcomes (such as treatment adherence, disease remission, and quality of life) in patients. However, we acknowledge that exploring the relationship between HISB and health outcomes in patients with IBD is an important area for future research. Further, there are some inherent limitations of the Wilson's model [32]. It may not fully capture the nuanced HISB specific to individuals with IBD, and variations among individuals can exist. Moreover, the model's applicability depends on contextual factors and the unique characteristics of the studied population. To address these limitations as much as possible, our research employed a combination of inductive and deductive analyses, uncovering and exploring new categories beyond the scope of the Wilson’s model.

Conclusions

This scoping review provides an overview of research on the health information-seeking behaviour of patients with IBD. It demonstrates the diverse information needs and sources among patients with IBD. Notably, medication information emerged as the most crucial information demand. While the internet was the most frequently mentioned source, direct consultation with HCPs was the most preferred source of information. Active searching, especially social information seeking, was observed to be the dominant information-seeking behaviour in the digital era for patients with IBD. Additionally, their information-seeking behaviours were influenced by a combination of diverse associated factors, such as resource-related and personal-related factors. However, this review highlights the need for further research on health information behaviour in the context of IBD, despite the increasing number of studies. Future research should focus on an in-depth exploration of the HISB among patients with IBD, including longitudinal changes. Moreover, efforts should be made to develop information resources that are both convenient and provide credible information services, although the development of such resources requires further investigation and evaluation.