Abstract
Let us consider the Boundary Value Problem (BVP) for the discrete Dirac equations , , , , where , , and , are complex sequences, , , and λ is an eigenparameter. Discussing the eigenvalues and the spectral singularities, we prove that this BVP has a finite number of eigenvalues and spectral singularities with a finite number of multiplicities, if , holds, for some and .
MSC:34L40, 47A10, 47A75.
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1 Introduction
In the last decade, discrete boundary value problems have been intensively studied. The spectral analysis of the difference equations have been treated by various authors in connection with the classical moment problem (see the monographs of Agarwal [1], Agarwal-Wong [2] and Kelley-Peterson [3] and the papers of Agarwal et al. [4, 5] and the references therein). Moreover, the modeling of certain linear and nonlinear problems in economies, optimal control theory, and other areas of study have led to the rapid development of the theory of difference equations. The spectral theory of the difference equations has also been applied to the solution of classes of nonlinear discrete Korteweg-de Vries equations and Toda lattices [6, 7].
Let us is consider the discrete boundary value problem (BVP)
where and are complex sequences, and λ is a spectral parameter. The spectral analysis of the BVP (1.1), (1.2) with continuous and point spectrum has been studied in [8]. In this article, the authors proved that the spectrum of the BVP (1.1), (1.2) consists of a continuous spectrum, eigenvalues and a spectral singularities. The spectral singularities are poles of the resolvent and are also imbedded in the continuous spectrum, but they are not eigenvalues. The effect of the spectral singularities in the spectral expansion of the BVP (1.1), (1.2) in terms of the principal vectors has been investigated in [9]. In [10, 11], the dependence of the structure of the spectral singularities of the BVP (1.1), (1.2) on the behavior of the sequences and was considered. Some problems related to the spectral analysis of difference equations with spectral singularities have been discussed in [12–15]. The spectral analysis of an eigenparameter dependent non-selfadjoint BVP for the system of difference equations of first order has been studied in [16, 17].
Let us consider the non-selfadjoint BVP for the system of difference equations of first order
where , are vector sequences, , for all n. Also , , and where , . If and for all , then the system (1.3) reduces to
where Δ is a forward difference operator. The system (1.5) is the discrete analog of the well-known Dirac system
(see [18], Chapter 2). Therefore the system (1.5) (also (1.3)) is called a discrete Dirac system. The specific feature of this paper is the presence of the spectral parameter not only in the difference equation and also in the boundary condition, which is quadratic.
In this article, we intend to investigate eigenvalues and spectral singularities of the BVP (1.3), (1.4), which has a finite number of eigenvalues and spectral singularities with a finite number of multiplicities, if the condition
holds, for some and .
2 Jost solution of (1.3)
Suppose that the condition
is satisfied for some and . It is well known [15] that (1.3) has the bounded solution
under the condition (2.1) for and , where
Note that and () are expressed in terms of , , , and , . Also
holds, where is a constant and is the integer part of . Therefore is a vector-valued analytic function with respect to z in and continuous in [15]. The solution is called the Jost solution of (1.3).
3 Eigenvalues and spectral singularities of (1.3)-(1.4)
We define
using (1.4), (2.2), and (2.3). It follows from (2.2) and (2.3) that the function f is analytic in , continuous up to the real axis and
Let
We will denote the set of all eigenvalues and spectral singularities of the BVP (1.3), (1.4) by and , respectively. It is clear that
From (2.2), (2.3), and (3.1) we obtain
Let
then the function F is analytic in , continuous in ,
and
Using (3.2)-(3.5),
Definition 3.1 The multiplicity of a zero of F in T is called the multiplicity of the corresponding eigenvalue or spectral singularity of the BVP (1.3), (1.4).
It follows from (3.2) and (3.3) that, in order to investigate the quantitative properties of the eigenvalues and the spectral singularities of the BVP (1.3), (1.4), we need to discuss the quantitative properties of the zeros of F in T.
Let
We also denote the set of all limit points of by and the set of all zeros of F with infinite multiplicity by .
From (3.2), (3.3), and (3.9) we get
Theorem 3.1 If (2.1) holds, then:
-
(i)
The set is bounded and countable.
-
(ii)
, .
-
(iii)
The set is compact and , where μ denotes the Lebesgue measure in the real axis.
-
(iv)
, ; .
-
(v)
.
Proof Using (1.4), (2.4), and (3.6), we have
Equation (3.11) shows that is bounded. Since F is analytic in and is a 4π periodic function, we find that has at most a countable number of elements. This proves (i).
From the uniqueness theorems of analytic functions we obtain (ii)-(iv) [19].
Using the continuity of all derivatives of F on we get (v). □
From (3.10) and Theorem 3.1, we have the following.
Theorem 3.2 Under the condition (2.1):
-
(i)
The set of eigenvalues of the BVP (1.3), (1.4) is bounded and countable and its limit points can lie only in .
-
(ii)
, and .
For the condition (2.1) reduces to
Theorem 3.3 Under the condition (3.12) the BVP (1.3), (1.4) has a finite number of eigenvalues and spectral singularities and each of them is of finite multiplicity.
Proof Using (2.4) we find that
where is a constant. From (3.6) and (3.13) we observe that the function F has an analytic continuation to the half-plane . Since F is a 4π periodic function, the limit points its zeros in T cannot lie in . Using Theorem 3.1 we have the bounded sets and having a finite number of elements. From analyticity of F in , we find that all zeros of F in T have a finite multiplicity. Therefore using (3.10), we obtain the finiteness of the eigenvalues and spectral singularities of the BVP (1.3), (1.4). □
It is seen that the condition (3.12) guarantees the analytic continuation of F from the real axis to lower half-plane. So the finiteness of eigenvalues and spectral singularities of the BVP (1.3), (1.4) are obtained as a result of this analytic continuation.
Now let us suppose that
which is weaker than (3.12). It is evident that under the condition (3.14) the function F is analytic in and infinitely differentiable on the real axis. But F does not have an analytic continuation from the real axis to lower half-plane. Therefore under the condition (3.14) the finiteness of eigenvalues and spectral singularities of the BVP (1.3), (1.4) cannot be shown in a way similar to Theorem 3.3.
Under the condition (3.14), to prove that the eigenvalues and the spectral singularities of the BVP (1.3), (1.4) are of finite number we will use the following.
Theorem 3.4 ([14])
Let us assume that the 4π periodic function g is analytic in , all of its derivatives are continuous in and
If the set with Lebesgue measure zero is the set of all zeros the function g with infinite multiplicity in T, if
where and is the Lebesgue measure of s-neighborhood of G and is an arbitrary constant, then in .
Under the condition (3.14) from (2.4) and (3.6) we find
where
and is a constant. We can obtain the following estimate:
where D and d are constants depending on C, ε, and δ.
Theorem 3.5 If (3.14) holds, then .
Proof The function F satisfies all conditions of Theorem 3.4 except (3.15). But F is not identically equal to zero. In this case the function F satisfies the condition
instead of (3.15), where , , and is the Lebesgue measure of the s-neighborhood of and defined by (3.16). Substituting (3.16) in the definition of , we get
It follows from (3.17) and (3.18) that
Since , (3.19) holds for arbitrary s if and only if or . □
Theorem 3.6 Under the condition (3.14) the BVP (1.3), (1.4) has a finite number of eigenvalues and spectral singularities and each of them is of finite multiplicity.
Proof To be able to prove the theorem we have to show that the function F has a finite number of zeros with finite multiplicities in T.
From Theorem 3.1 and Theorem 3.5 we see that . So the bounded sets and have no limit points, i.e., the function F has only a finite number of zeros in T. Since , these zeros are of finite multiplicity. □
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Koprubasi, T. Spectrum of the quadratic eigenparameter dependent discrete Dirac equations. Adv Differ Equ 2014, 148 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1847-2014-148
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1847-2014-148