Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to study a sequence of modified generalized f-projections in a reflexive, smooth, and strictly convex Banach space and show that Mosco convergence of their ranges implies their pointwise convergence to the generalized f-projection onto the limit set. Furthermore, we prove a strong convergence theorem for a countable family of α-nonexpansive mappings in a uniformly convex and smooth Banach space using the properties of a modified generalized f-projection operator. Our main results generalize the results of Ziming Wang, Yongfu Su, and Jinlong Kang and enrich the research contents of α-nonexpansive mappings.
MSC:47H05, 47H09, 47H10.
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1 Introduction
Let E be a real Banach space and C be a nonempty closed convex subset of E. A mapping is said to be nonexpansive if
Lots of iterative schemes for nonexpansive mappings have been introduced (see [1–3]); furthermore, many strong convergence theorems for nonexpansive mappings have been proved. On the other hand, there are many nonlinear mappings which are more general than the nonexpansive mapping. Compared to the existing problem of a fixed point of those mappings, the iterative methods for finding a fixed point are also very useful in studying the fixed point theory and the theory of equations in other fields.
In 2007, Gobel and Pineda [4] introduced and studied a new mapping, called α-nonexpansive mapping. The mapping is more general than the nonexpansive mapping.
Definition 1.1 For a given multi-index, satisfies , and . A mapping is said to be α-nonexpansive if
In order to show that the class of α-nonexpansive mappings is more general than the one of nonexpansive mappings, we give an example [4].
Example 1.2 Let , and
Then T is not nonexpansive but α-nonexpansive.
Proof Obviously, T is not nonexpansive. Taking , , by the definition of Tx, we have
On the other hand, for every , we have
Therefore, we can affirm that
where . Then T is an α-nonexpansive mapping but not a nonexpansive one. □
If T is a nonexpansive self-mapping, we can imply that T must be an α-nonexpansive one, where .
For technical reasons, we always assume that the first coefficient is nonzero, that is, . In this case the mapping T satisfies the Lipschitz condition
For the α-nonexpansive mapping T, , it is obvious that the mapping
is nonexpansive. However, the nonexpansiveness of is much weaker than (1.2), for instance, it does not entail the continuity of T (see [4]).
In 2010, Klin-eam and Suantai [5] introduced the relation of fixed point sets between an α-nonexpansive operator and a operator. They gave the following theorem.
Theorem 1.3 (see Theorem 3.1 of Klin-eam and Suantai [5])
Let C be a closed convex subset of a Banach space E and for all , let such that , , , and . Let T be an α-nonexpansive mapping from C into itself. If , then , where is the fixed point set of T.
At the same time, they have succeeded in proving the demiclosedness principle for the α-nonexpansive mappings.
Theorem 1.4 (see Theorem 3.4 of Klin-eam and Suantai [5])
Let C be a closed convex subset of a Banach space E and for all , let such that , , , and . Let T be an α-nonexpansive mapping from C into itself. If , if converges weakly to x and converges strongly to 0 as , then .
Recently, Wang et al. [6] proposed the following hybrid algorithm for an α-nonexpansive mapping in a Banach space:
As we know that if C is a nonempty closed convex subset of a Hilbert space H and recall that the (nearest point) projection from H onto C assigns to each , and the unique point satisfies the property , it is well known that is nonexpansive. This fact actually characterizes Hilbert spaces and, consequently, it is not available in more general Banach spaces. We consider the functional defined by
where J is the normalized duality mapping and the Banach space is smooth. In this connection, Alber [7] introduced a generalized projection from E to C as follows:
It is obvious from the definition of functional ϕ that
If E is a Hilbert space, then and becomes the metric projection of E onto C. The generalized projection is a map that assigns to an arbitrary point the minimum point of the functional , that is, , where is the solution to the minimization problem
The existence and uniqueness of the operator follow from the properties of the functional and strict monotonicity of the normalized duality mapping J [8]. It is well known that the metric projection operator plays an important role in nonlinear functional analysis, optimization theory, fixed point theory, nonlinear programming, game theory, variational inequality, and complementarity problems, etc. [8, 9]. In 1994, Alber [7] introduced and studied the generalized projections from Hilbert spaces to uniformly convex and uniformly smooth Banach spaces. Moreover, Alber [8] presented some applications of the generalized projections to approximately solve variational inequalities and von Neumann intersection problem in Banach spaces. In 2005, Li [9] extended the generalized projection operator from uniformly convex and uniformly smooth Banach spaces to reflexive Banach spaces and studied some properties of the generalized projection operator with applications to solve the variational inequality in Banach spaces. Later, Wu and Huang [10] introduced a new generalized f-projection operator in Banach spaces. They extended the definition of generalized projection operators introduced by Abler [7] and proved some properties of the generalized f-projection operator. In 2009, Fan et al. [11] presented some basic results for the generalized f-projection operator and discussed the existence of solutions and approximation of the solutions for generalized variational inequalities in noncompact subsets of Banach spaces.
The purpose of this paper is to study a sequence of modified generalized f-projections in a reflexive, smooth, and strictly convex Banach space and show that Mosco convergence of their ranges implies their pointwise convergence to the generalized f-projection onto the limit set. Furthermore, we prove strong convergence theorem for a countable family of α-nonexpansive mappings in a uniformly convex and smooth Banach space using the properties of a modified generalized f-projection operator. Our main results generalize the results of Wang et al. [6] and enrich the research contents of α-nonexpansive mappings.
2 Preliminaries
A Banach space E is said to be strictly convex if for with and . It is said to be uniformly convex if for each there is such that for with and , holds. The space E is said to be smooth if the limit
exists for all . And E is said to be uniformly smooth if the limit (2.1) exists uniformly for all .
Remark 2.1 The following basic properties of a Banach space E can be found in Cioranescu [12]:
-
(i)
if E is uniformly convex, then E is reflexive and strictly convex;
-
(ii)
a Banach space E is uniformly smooth if and only if is uniformly convex;
-
(iii)
each uniformly convex Banach space E has the Kadec-Klee property, i.e., for any sequence , if and , then .
Let E be a real Banach space with the dual . We denote by J the normalized duality mapping from E to defined by
Many properties of the normalized duality mapping J can be found in Takahashi [13] or Vainberg [14]. We list some properties below for easy reference:
-
(i)
J is a monotone and bounded operator in arbitrary Banach spaces;
-
(ii)
J is a strictly monotone operator in strictly convex Banach spaces;
-
(iii)
J is a continuous operator in smooth Banach spaces;
-
(iv)
J is a uniformly continuous operator on each bounded set in uniformly smooth Banach spaces;
-
(v)
J is a bijection in smooth, reflexive, and strictly convex Banach spaces;
-
(vi)
J is the identity operator in Hilbert spaces.
Next, we recall the concept of generalized f-projector operator, together with its properties. Let be a functional defined as follows:
where , , ρ is a positive number and is proper, convex, and lower semi-continuous. From the definitions of G and f, it is easy to see the following properties:
-
(i)
is convex and continuous with respect to φ when ξ is fixed;
-
(ii)
is convex and lower semi-continuous with respect to ξ when φ is fixed.
Definition 2.2 ([10])
Let E be a real Banach space with its dual . Let C be a nonempty, closed, and convex subset of E. We say that is a generalized f-projection operator if
For the generalized f-projection operator, Wu and Huang [10] proved the following basic properties.
Lemma 2.3 ([10])
Let E be a real reflexive Banach space with its dual , and let C be a nonempty, closed, and convex subset of E. Then the following statements hold:
-
(i)
is a nonempty closed convex subset of C for all .
-
(ii)
If E is smooth, then for all , if and only if
-
(iii)
If E is strictly convex and is positive homogeneous (i.e., for all such that , where ), then is a single-valued mapping.
Fan et al. [11] showed that the condition f is positive homogeneous, which appeared in Lemma 2.3, can be removed.
Lemma 2.4 ([11])
Let E be a real reflexive Banach space with its dual , and let C be a nonempty, closed, and convex subset of E. Then if E is strictly convex, then is a single-valued mapping.
Recall that J is a single-valued mapping when E is a smooth Banach space. There exists a unique element such that for each . This substitution in (2.2) gives
Now, we consider the second generalized f-projection operator in a Banach space.
Definition 2.5 Let E be a real Banach space and C be a nonempty, closed, and convex subset of E. We say that is a generalized f-projection operator if
We know that the following lemmas hold for the operator .
Lemma 2.6 ([15])
Let C be a nonempty, closed, and convex subset of a smooth and reflexive Banach space E. Then the following statements hold:
-
(i)
is a nonempty closed and convex subset of C for all .
-
(ii)
For all , if and only if
-
(iii)
If E is strictly convex, then is a single-valued mapping.
Now, we introduce a modified generalized f-projection operator. Let be a functional defined as follows:
where , , ρ is a positive number and is convex and weakly continuous. From the definitions of G and f, it is easy to see the following properties:
-
(i)
is convex and continuous with respect to φ when ξ is fixed;
-
(ii)
is convex and weakly lower semi-continuous with respect to ξ when φ is fixed.
Obviously, the other definitions and lemmas hold respectively.
Next, we give the following example [16] which shows that metric projection, generalized projection and generalized f-projection are different.
Example 2.7 Let be provided with the norm
This is a smooth strictly convex Banach space and is a closed and convex subset of X. It is a simple computation; we get , .
We set is a positive number and define by
Then f is convex and weakly continuous. Simple computations show that
Let E be a Banach space, and let be a sequence of weakly closed subsets of E. We denote by the set of limit points of , that is, if and only if there exists such that converges strongly to x and that for all . Similarly, we denote by the set of cluster points of , if and only if there exists such that converges weakly to y and that for all . Using these definitions, we define the Mosco convergence [2] of . If satisfies
we say that is a Mosco convergent sequence to and write
Notice that the inclusion is always true. Therefore, in order to show the existence of , it is sufficient to prove . For more details, see [17].
3 Main results
3.1 Generalized Mosco convergence theorems
Theorem 3.1 Let E be a smooth, reflexive, and strictly convex Banach space and C be a nonempty closed convex subset of E. Let be nonempty closed convex subsets of C, be a convex and weakly continuous mapping with . If exists and is nonempty, then is a closed convex subset of C and, for each , converges weakly to .
Proof It is easy to prove that is closed and convex if is a closed convex subset of C for each . Fix . For the sake of simplicity, we write instead of for . Since , we have that for each , there exists such that as and that for each . From Lemma 2.6, we have
Hence, we obtain
thus,
Suppose that is not bounded. Then there exists a subsequence of such that . It follows that
for a sufficiently large number . As , we obtain . This is a contradiction. Hence we have that is bounded.
Since is bounded, there exists a subsequence, again denoted by , such that it converges weakly to . From the definition of , we get .
Now, we prove that . From weak lower semi-continuity of the norm and weak continuity of f, we have
On the other hand, we get
So,
that is,
Hence we get .
According to our consideration above, each sequence has, in turn, a subsequence which converges weakly to the unique point . Therefore, the sequence converges weakly to . This completes the proof. □
A Banach space E is said to have the Kadec-Klee property if a sequence of E satisfying that and converges strongly to . It is known that has a Fréchet differentiable norm if and only if E is reflexive, strictly convex, and has the Kadec-Klee property; see, for example, [10].
Theorem 3.2 Let E be a smooth Banach space such that has a Fréchet differentiable norm. Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of E. Let be nonempty closed convex subsets of C, be a convex and weakly continuous mapping with . If exists and is nonempty, then is a closed convex subset of C and, for each , converges strongly to .
Proof Fix arbitrarily. We write and . By Theorem 3.1, we obtain . Since has a Fréchet differentiable norm, E has the Kadec-Klee property. Therefore, it is sufficient to prove that as . Since , there exists a sequence such that as and for each . It follows that
Hence we obtain . Since converges to and f is weakly continuous, we get
Using the Kadec-Klee property of E, we obtain that converges strongly to . This completes the proof. □
Definition 3.3 ([18])
Let C be a closed convex subset of a Banach space E, let be a countable family of mappings of C into itself with the nonempty common fixed point set F. The is said to be uniformly closed if and as implies .
3.2 Strong convergence theorems
Lemma 3.4 (see Lemma 3.3 of Klin-eam and Suantai [5])
Let C be a closed convex subset of a Banach space E and for all , let such that , , , and . Let T be an α-nonexpansive mapping from C into itself. If , let be a bounded sequence in C, then if and only if as .
Lemma 3.5 ([6])
Let C be a closed convex subset of a Banach space E, and for all , let such that , , , and . Let T be an α-nonexpansive mapping from C into itself. If , let converge strongly to x and converge strongly to 0 as , then .
Lemma 3.6 ([6])
Let C be a closed convex subset of a uniformly convex and smooth Banach space E, and for all , let such that , , , and . Let T be an α-nonexpansive mapping from C into itself. If , then is closed and convex.
Theorem 3.7 Let C be a closed convex subset of a uniformly convex and smooth Banach space E, let be a uniformly closed countable family of -nonexpansive mappings of C into itself such that , let such that , , , and . Let be a convex and weakly continuous mapping with . For any given Gauss , , and , define a sequence in C by the following algorithm:
where for all . If , then converges strongly to .
Proof Step 1. We show that is closed and convex for each .
From the definitions of , it is obvious that is closed for each . Moreover, since is equivalent to
so is convex for each .
Step 2. We show that for all . For all , we have that
It implies that for all . So, we have for all .
Step 3. We show that and , where . Indeed, since is a decreasing sequence of closed convex subsets of E such that is nonempty, it follows that
By Theorem 3.2, we get
Noticing that , we obtain that
In view of (3.2), we have that
and
From , we have
Because of the assumption that , we have
Since is uniformly closed, then .
Step 4. We show that . Since and F is a nonempty closed convex subset of , we conclude that . This completes the proof. □
Corollary 3.8 ([6])
Let C be a closed convex subset of a uniformly convex and smooth Banach space E, let T be an α-nonexpansive mapping of C into itself such that , let such that , , , and . For any given Gauss , , and , define a sequence in C by the following algorithm:
where for all . If , then converges strongly to .
Proof Substituting T to in the proof of Theorem 3.7 and putting , we can draw from Theorem 3.7 the desired conclusion immediately. □
Remark 3.9 Theorem 3.7 extends the main results of [6] from a single mapping to a countable family of mappings and from the generalized projection operator to the modified generalized f-projection operator by a new method.
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This project is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant (11071279).
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Cheng, Q., Su, Y. & Zhang, J. Convergence theorems for modified generalized f-projections and generalized nonexpansive mappings. J Inequal Appl 2014, 305 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2014-305
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2014-305