Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Potential vegetation and potential ecosystem cover

  • Published:
Biology Bulletin Reviews Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A review of literature dedicated to the creation and development of concepts of the potential vegetation and ecosystem cover has been performed. The developmental stages of these concepts are presented in relation to changes in paradigms and the development of historical ecology as a science, allowing an estimation of the depth, intensity, and transformation mechanisms of the natural ecosystem cover. The modern synecological concepts of the structural–functional organization and dynamics of ecosystems have been integrated into a system enabling further development of the concepts of the potential vegetation and potential ecosystem cover at the current level of knowledge. The first results of model reconstructions of the potential forest cover in the European part of Russia have been summarized. The prospects for further development of the concept of potential ecosystem cover are outlined. They are essential for the accomplishment of theoretical and practical conservation objectives.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Acevedo, M.F., Urban, D.L., and Ablan, M., Transition and gap models in forest dynamics, Ecol. Appl., 1995, vol. 5, pp. 1040–1055.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Acker, S.A., Vegetation as a component of non-nested hierarchy: a conceptual model, J. Veg. Sci., 1990, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 683–690.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aguilar, M.J.A., Gonzalez-Gonzalez, R., Garzon-Machado, V., and Pizarro-Hernandez, B., Actual and potential natural vegetation on the Canary Islands and its conservation status, Biodiversity Conserv., 2010, vol. 11, pp. 3089–3140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aleinikov, A.A., Role of beavers in formation of coenotic diversity of Nerusso-Desnyanskoe Poles’e, Materialy po vedeniyu Krasnoi knigi Bryanskoi oblasti. No. 6. Izuchenie i okhrana biologicheskogo raznoobraziya Bryanskogo zapovednika “Bryanskii les” i ego okhrannoi zony (The Supplements for the Red Data Book of Bryansk Oblast, No. 6: Study and Protection of Biological Diversity of Bryanskii Les Nature Reserve and Its Protected Zone), Bryansk, 2011, pp. 82–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aleinikov, A.A. and Bovkunov, A.D., Micromosaic organization of large-ferns and high-grass fir-spruce forests in Pechoro-Ilych Nature Reserve, Izv. Penz. Gos. Univ., Esestv. Nauki, 2011, no. 25, pp. 38–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, T.F.H. and Starr, T.B., Hierarchy: Perspectives for Ecological Complexity, Chicago: Chicago Univ. Press, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andel van, J., A population ecological approach to evaluate the rate of disturbance of plant communities, Proc. of VIInt. Ecological Cong., Manchester, 1994, pp. 30–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aubreville, A., Regeneration patterns in closed forest of Ivory Coast, in World Vegetation Type, New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1971, pp. 41–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belousova, I.P., Smirnov, K.A., Kaz’min, V.D., and Kudrjavtsev, I.V., Reintroduction of the European bison into the forest ecosystem of the Orlovskoe Poles’e National Park, Russ. J. Ecol., 2005, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 115–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bobiec, A., Burgt, H., Meijer, K., et al., Rich deciduous forests in Bialowieza as a dynamic mosaic of developmental phases: premises for nature conservation and restoration management, For. Ecol. Manage., 2000, vol. 130, pp. 159–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bobiec, A., Kuijper, D.P.J., Niklasson, M., et al., Oak (Quercus robur L.) regeneration in early successional woodlands grazed by wild ungulates in the absence of livestock, For. Ecol. Manage., 2011, vol. 262, pp. 780–790.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bobrovskaya, N.I., Kazantseva, T.I., Pashchenko, A.I., and Tishchenko, V.V., Vegetation recovery of meadow steppes of Central Chernozem region (Kamennaya Steppe), Arid. Ekosist., 2000, no. 12, pp. 150–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bobrovskaya, N.I., Kazantseva, T.I., Pashchenko, A.I., and Tishchenko, V.V., Change of species composition of the meadow-steppe grassland during transformation to the forest group, Mater. VI mezhdunar. simp. “Stepi Severnoi Evrazii” (Proc. VI Int. Symp. “Steppes of Northern Eurasia”), Orenburg, 2012, pp. 105–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bobrovskii, M.V., Lesnye pochvy Evropeiskoi Rossii: bioticheskie i antropogennye factory formirovaniya (Forest Soils of European Russia: Biotic and Anthropogenic Factors), Moscow: KMK, 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braun-Blauquet, J. and Pavillard, J., Vocabulaire de Sociologie Vegetale, Montpellier: Roumegous et Dehan, 1925, 2 ed.

  • Brokaw, N.V.L. and Scheiner, S.M., Species composition in gaps and structure of a tropical forest, Ecology, 1989, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 538–541.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brunet, J., Fritz, O., and Richnau, G., Biodiversity in European beech forests—a review with recommendations for sustainable forest management, Ecol. Bull., 2010, vol. 53, pp. 77–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brzeziecki, B., Kienast, F., and Wildi, O., A simulation map of the potential natural forest vegetation of Switzerland, J. Veg. Sci., 1993, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 149–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carranza, M.L., Ricotta, C., Fortini, P., and Blasi, C., Quantifying landscape change with actual vs. potential natural vegetation maps, Phytocoenologia, 2003, vol. 33, pp. 591–601.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carrion, J.S., The concepts of potential natural vegetation (PNV) and other abstraction (trying to pick up fish with wet hands), J. Biogeogr., 2010, vol. 37, pp. 2213–2215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carrion, J.S. and Fernandez, S., The survival of the “natural potential vegetation” concept (or the power of tradition), J. Biogeogr., 2009, vol. 36, pp. 2202–2203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chiarucci, A., Araujo, M.B., Decocq, G., Beierkuhnlein, C., et al., The concept of potential natural vegetation: an epitaph? J. Veg. Sci., 2010, vol. 21, pp. 1172–1178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chibilev, A.A., Stepi Severnoi Evrazii. Ekologo-geograficheskii ocherk (Steppes of Northern Eurasia: Ecological-Geographical Description), Yekaterinburg: UrO, Ross. Akad. Nauk, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chumachenko, S.I. and Smirnova, O.V., Modeling of succession dynamics of green plantations, Lesovedenie, 2009, no. 6, pp. 3–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chytry, M., Potential replacement vegetation: an approach to vegetation mapping of cultural landscapes, Appl. Veg. Sci., 1998, vol. 1, pp. 177–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clements, F.E., Nature and structure of the climax, J. Ecol., 1936, vol. 24, pp. 254–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, S.L., Glenn, S.M., and Roberts, D.W., The hierarchical continuum concept, J. Veg. Sci., 1993, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 149–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Connell, J.H. and Slatyer, R.O., Mechanisms of succession in natural communities and their role in community stability and organization, Am. Nat., 1977, vol. 111, no. 982, pp. 1119–1144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cuddington, K. and Hastings, A., Invasive engineers, Ecol. Model., 2004, vol. 178, pp. 335–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, A.D. and Lightfoot, D.C., Keystone rodent interactions: prairie dogs and kangaroo rats structure the biotic composition of a decertified grassland, Ecography, 2006, vol. 29, pp. 755–765.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dylis, N.V., Osnovy biogeotsenologii (Basic Biogeocenology), Moscow: Mosk. Gos. Univ., 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekonomika ekosistem i bioraznoobraziya: potentsial i perspektivy stran Severnoi Evrazii (Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity: Potential and Prospects of Northern Eurasia Countries), Pavlov, D.S., Bukvareva, E.N., and Perelet, R.A., Eds., Moscow: Tsentr Okhrany Dikoi Prirod., 2010.

  • Falinski, J.B., Uprooted trees, their distribution and influence on primeval forest biotope, Vegetatio, 1978, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 175–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farris, E., Filibeck, G., Marignani, M., and Rosati, L., The power of potential natural vegetation (and of spatialtemporal scale): a response to Carrion & Fernandez (2009), J. Biogeogr., 2010, vol. 37, pp. 2211–2213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, J. and Lindenmayer, D.B., Landscape modification and habitat fragmentation: a synthesis, Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 2007, vol. 16, pp. 265–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, J., Lindenmayer, D.B., and Manning, A.D., Biodiversity, ecosystem function, and resilience: ten guiding principles for commodity production landscapes, Front. Ecol. Environ., 2006, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 80–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gamfeldt, L., Hillebrand, H., and Jonsson, P.R., Multiple functions increase the importance of biodiversity for overall ecosystem functioning, Ecology, 2008, vol. 89, no. 5, pp. 1223–1231.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gatzuk, L.E., Smirnova, O.V., Vorontzova, L.I., Zaugolnova, L.B., et al., Age states of plants of various growth forms: a review, J. Ecol., 1980, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 675–696.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goncharov, A.A., Khramova, E.Y., and Tiunov A.V., Spatial variations in the trophic structure of soil animal communities in boreal forests of Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve, Eurasian Soil Sci., 2014, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 441–448.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grubb, P.J., The maintenance of species richness in plant communities: the importance of the regeneration niche, Biol. Rev., 1977, vol. 52, pp. 107–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Handbook of Vegetation Science, Vol. 3: The Population Structure of Vegetation, White, J., Ed., New York: Springer-Verlag, 1985.

  • Harper, J.L., Population Biology of Plants, New York: Academic, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hastings, A., Byers, J.E., and Crooks, J.A., Ecosystem engineering in space and time. Review and synthesis, Ecol. Lett., 2008, vol. 10, pp. 153–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hickler, T., Vohland, K., Feehan, J., et al., Projecting the future distribution of European potential natural vegetation zones with a generalized, tree species-based dynamic vegetation model, Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 2012, vol. 21, pp. 50–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jouquet, P., Dauber, J., Lagerlof, J., et al., Soil invertebrates as ecosystem engineers: intended and accidental effects on soil and feedback loops, Appl. Soil Ecol., 2006, vol. 32, pp. 153–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kazantseva, T.I., Bobrovskaya, N.I., Pashchenko, A.I., and Tishchenko, V.V., Vegetation dynamics of the 100-year steppe grassland (Kamennaya Steppe, Voronezh oblast), Bot. Zh., 2008, vol. 93, no. 4, pp. 620–633.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kazantseva, T.I., Bobrovskaya, N.I., and Tishchenko, V.V., Recovery features of the grassland vegetation of meadow steppes in Central Chernozem region (Voronezh oblast), Arid. Ekosist., 2010, vol. 16, no. 2(42), pp. 76–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, A., Powell, D.C., and Riggs, R.A., Predicting potential natural vegetation in an interior northwest landscape using classification tree modeling and a GIS, West. J. Appl. For., 2005, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 117–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirchner, J.W., The gaia hypothesis: fact, theory, and wishful thinking, Clim. Change, 2002, vol. 52, pp. 391–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Korotkov, V.N., New paradigm in forest ecology, Biol. Nauki, 1991, no. 8, pp. 7–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozlo, P.G. and Bunevich, A.N., Zubr v Belarusi (Bisons in Belarus), Minsk: Belaruskaya Navuka, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuster, H., Geschichte des Waldes. Von der Urzeit bis zur Gegenwart, Munich: C.H. Beck Verlag, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuuluvainen, T., Disturbance dynamics in boreal forest: defining the ecological basis of restoration and management of biodiversity, Silva Fenn., 2002, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 5–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, S.A., Ecosystems and biosphere as complex adaptive systems, Ecosystems, 1998, vol. 1, pp. 431–436.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leuschner, C., The concept of a potential natural vegetation (PNV): problems and suggested improvements, Flora, 1997, vol. 1, pp. 431–436.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loidi, J. and Fernandez-Gonzalez, F., Potential natural vegetation: reburing or reboring, J. Veg. Sci., 2012, vol. 23, pp. 596–604.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lovelock, J.E., Gaia. A New Look at Life on Earth, New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lukina, N.V., Soil as a factor of development of forest biological diversity, in Monitoring bioraznoobraziya lesov: metodologiya i metody (Monitoring of Biological Diversity of Forests: Methodology and Methods), Moscow: Nauka, 2007, pp. 70–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lysenko, G.N., Steppe nature reserves and strictly protected areas: searching for compromise, Stepnoi Byull., 2014, no. 40, pp. 11–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, J., Gap dynamics of forest trees: a review with particular attention to boreal forest, Environ. Rev., 2001, vol. 9, pp. 1–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, J.W. and Weetman, G., Age and size structure of gapdynamic, old-growth boreal forest stands in Newfoundland, Silva Fenn., 2006, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 209–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metodicheskie podkhody k ekologicheskoi otsenke lesnogo pokrova v basseine maloi reki (Methodological Approaches to Ecological Assessment of Forest Cover in the Small River Basin), Zaugol’nov, L.B. and Braslavskaya, T.Yu., Eds., Moscow: KMK, 2010.

  • Mirkin, B.M. and Naumova, L.G., Sovremennoe sostoyanie osnovnykh kontseptsii nauki o rastitel’nosti (Modern Status of General Scientific Concepts about Vegetation), Ufa: Gilem, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mirkin, B.M., Rozenberg, G.S., and Naumova, L.G., Slovar’ ponyatii i terminov sovremennoi fitotsenologii (Dictionary of Terms and Definitions of Modern Phytocenology), Moscow: Nauka, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mordkovich, V.G., Shatokhina, N.G., and Titlyanova, A.A., Stepnye kateny (Steppe Catenas), Trofimov, S.S., Ed., Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1985.

  • Mysterud, A., Barton, K.A., Jedrzejewska, B., et al., Effects of gap size, light and herbivore on the herb layer vegetation in European beech forest gaps, For. Ecol. Manage., 2007, vol. 244, pp. 141–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odum, E.P., Ecology, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odum, E.P., Strategy of ecosystem development, Science, 1969, vol. 164, pp. 262–270.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Neill, R.V., de Anglis, D.L., Waide, J.B., and Allen, T.F.H., A Hierarchical Concept of the Ecosystem, Princeton, NJ: Prinston Univ. Press, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Otsenka i sokhranenie bioraznoobraziya lesnogo pokrova v zapovednikakh Evropeiskoi Rossii (Assessment and Preservation of Biological Diversity of Forest Cover in Nature Reserves of European Russia), Zaugolnov, L.B. and Braslavskaya, T.Yu., Eds., Moscow: Nauchnyi Mir, 2000.

  • Parnikoza, I.Yu., Modern haymaking in steppe nature reserves of Ukraine and protection of biological diversity, Stepnoi Byull., 2014, no. 40, pp. 16–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pashchenko, A.I., Dynamics of vegetation cover of the grasslands of Kamennaya Steppe, in Prirodnye resursy Voronezhskoi oblasti i ikh okhrana (Natural Resources of Voronezh Oblast and Their Protection), Voronezh, 1992, pp. 4–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavlov, D.S. and Bukvareva, E.N., Climate-regulating functions of terrestrial ecosystems and an “ecologocentric” concept of nature management, Biol. Bull. Rev., 2012, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 105–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pererva, V.I. and Pererva, A.V., Modern status and prospects of development of free population of bisons in Kaluzhskie Zaseki Nature Reserve, Tr. Zapoved. Kaluzhskie Zaseki, 2003, no. 1, pp. 203–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickett, S.T.A., Cadenasso, M.L., and Meiners, S.J., Ever since Clements: from succession to vegetation dynamics and understanding to intervention, Appl. Veg. Sci., 2008, vol. 12, pp. 9–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pickett, S.T.A., Collins, S.L., and Armesto, J.J., A hierarchical consideration of causes and mechanisms of succession, Vegetatio, 1987, vol. 69, pp. 109–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reimers, N.F., Prirodopol’zovanie. Slovar’-spravochnik (Nature Management: Dictionary-Handbook), Moscow: Mysll’, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricotta, C., Carranza, M.L., Avena, G., and Blasi, C., Are potential natural vegetation maps a meaningful alternative to neutral landscape models? Appl. Veg. Sci., 2002, vol. 5, pp. 271–275.

  • Seidl, R., Fernandes, P.M., Fonseca, T.F., Gillet, F., et al., Modeling natural disturbances in forest ecosystems: a review, Ecol. Model., 2011, vol. 222, pp. 903–924.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sipko, T.P., Modern problems of recovery of bison population, in Problemy sokhraneniya i vosstanovleniya zubra (Problems of Conservation and Recovery of Bison Population), Danki, 2004, pp. 12–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smirnova, O.V., Population organization of biocoenotic cover of forest landscapes, Usp. Sovrem. Biol., 1998, no. 2, pp. 25–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smirnova, O.V., Bakun, E.Yu., and Turubanova, S.A., The concept about potential and recovered vegetation cover of the forests of Eastern Europe, Lesovedenie, 2006b, no. 1, pp. 22–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smirnova, O.V. and Bobrovskii, M.V., Tree ontogeny and its reflection in the structure and dynamics of plant and soil covers, Russ. J. Ecol., 2001, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 159–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smirnova, O.V., Kalyakin, V.N., Turubanova, S.A., and Bakun, E.Yu., Genesis of East-European taiga in Holocene, in Zakonomernosti vekovoi dinamiki biogeotsenozov (Regularities of Century Dynamics of Biogeocenosises), Moscow: KMK, 2006a, pp. 18–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smirnova, O.V., Lugovaya, D.V., and Prokazina, T.S., Model reconstruction of restored taiga forest cover, Biol. Bull. Rev., 2013, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 493–504.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smirnova, O.V., Popadyuk, R.V., and Chistyakova, A.A., Population methods for determination of minimal squire of forest cenosises, Bot. Zh., 1988, vol. 73, no. 10, pp. 1423–1434.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smirnova, O.V., Popadyuk, R.V., Zaugol’nova, L.B., and Khanina, L.G., Assessment of losses in floristic diversity in Kaluzhskie Zaseki Nature Reserve, Lesovedenie, 1997, no. 2, pp. 27–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smirnova, O.V., Shevchenko, N.E., and Smirnov, N.S., Assessment of losses in floristic diversity in general types of dark coniferous forests in upper part of Pechora River, Tr. Pechoro-Ilychskogo Zapoved., 2015, no. 17, pp. 147–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smirnova, O.V. and Toropova, N.A., Succession and climax as the ecosystem processes, Usp. Sovrem. Biol., 2008, no. 2, pp. 129–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smirnova, O.V., Turubanova, S.A., Bobrovskii, M.V., et al., Reconstruction of the history of biocoenotic cover of Eastern Europe and the problem of maintenance of biological diversity, Usp. Sovrem. Biol., 2001, no. 2, pp. 144–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smirnova, O.V., Zaugolnova, L.B., Istomina, I.I., and Khanina, L.G., Population mosaic cycles in forest ecosystems, Proc. International Association for Vegetation Science (IAVS) Symp., Uppsala: Opulus, 2000, pp. 108–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smirnova, O.V., Zaugol’nova, L.B., and Popadyuk, R.V., Population concept in biocenology, Zh. Obshch. Biol., 1993, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 438–448.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smirnova, O.V., Zaugol’nova, L.B., and Popadyuk, R.V., The concept of hierarchical continuum as the basis for analysis of succession processes and development of the methods for preservation of biological diversity, in Suktsessionnye protsessy v zapovednikakh Rossii i problemy sokhraneniya biologicheskogo raznoobraziya (Succession Processes in Russian Nature Reserves and the Problems of Conservation of Biological Diversity), St. Petersburg: Ross. Bot. O-vo, 1999, pp. 14–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sokolov, V.E., Filonov, K.P., Nukhimovskaya, Yu.D., and Shadrina, G.D., Ekologiya zapovednykh territorii (Ecology of Natural Protected Areas), Sokolov, V.E. and Tikhomirov, V.N., Ed., Moscow: Yanus-K, 1997.

  • Somodi, I., Molnar, Z., and Ewald, J., Toward a more transparent use of the potential natural vegetation concept—an answer to Chiarucci et al., J. Veg. Sci., 2012, vol. 23, pp. 590–595.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stone, L. and Ezrati, S., Chaos, cycles and spatiotemporal dynamics in plant ecology, J. Ecol., 1996, vol. 84, pp. 279–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stumpel, A.H.P. and Kalkhove, J.T.R., A vegetation map of the Netherland, based on the relationship between ecotypes and types of potentional natural vegetation, Vegetatio, 1978, vol. 37, pp. 1167–1179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sukachev, V.N., Izbrannye trudy. Tom 3. Problemy fitotsenologii (Selected Research Works, Vol. 3: Phytocenology), Leningrad: Nauka, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sukachev, V.N., Rastitel’nye soobshchestva (vvedenie v fitosotsiologiyu) (The Plant Communities: Introduction to Phytosociology), Moscow: Kniga, 1928.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suktsessionnye protsessy v zapovednikakh Rossii i problemy sokhraneniya biologicheskogo raznoobraziya (Succession Processes in Russian Nature Reserves and Conservation of Biological Diversity), Smirnova, O.V. and Shaposhnikova, E.S., Eds., St. Petersburg: Ross. Bot. O-vo, 1999.

  • The Ecological History of European Forest, Kirby, K. and Watkins, C., Eds., Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998.

  • The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics, Orlando: Academic, 1985.

  • The Mosaic Cycle Concept of Ecosystem, Remmert, H., Ed., Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1991.

  • Toropova, N.A. and Smirnova, O.V., Ecological risks in nature reserves and its overcoming, Vestn. Tambov. Univ., Ser.: Estestv. Tekh. Nauki, 2014, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 1577–1580.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsenopopulyatsii rastenii (osnovnye ponyatiya i struktura) (The Plant Cenopopulations: General Definitions and Structure), Moscow: Nauka, 1976.

  • Tsenopopulyatsii rastenii (razvitie i vzaimootnosheniya) (The Plant Cenopopulations: Development and Relationships), Moscow: Nauka, 1977.

  • Tsenopopulyatsii rastenii (ocherki populyatsionnoi biologii) (The Plant Cenopopulations: Population Biology), Moscow: Nauka, 1988.

  • Tuxen, R., Die heutige potentielle naturliche Vegetation als Gegenstand der Vegetationskartierung, Angew. Pflanzensoziol., 1956, vol. 13, pp. 4–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uranov, A.A. and Smirnova, O.V., Classification and key features of development of populations of perennial plants, Byull. Mosk. O-va. Ispyt. Prir., Otd. Biol., 1969, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 119–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaca, R.A., Golicher, D.J., and Cayuela, L., Using climatically based random forests to downscale coarsegrained potential natural vegetation maps in tropical Mexico, Appl. Veg. Sci., 2011, vol. 14, pp. 388–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vera, F.W.M., Grazing Ecology and Forest History, Oxon: CABI, 2000.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Vera, F.W.M., Bakker, E., and Olff, H., Large herbivores: missing partners of western European light-demanding tree and shrub species? in Large Herbivore Ecology, Ecosystem Dynamics and Conservation, Danell, K., Duncan, P., Bergs, R., and Pastor, J., Eds., New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2006, pp. 203–231.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Viable Populations for Conservation, Soule, M.E., Ed., New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1987.

  • Vostochnoevropeiskie lesa: istoriya v golotsene i sovremennost’ (East-European Forests: the History in Holocene and Present), Moscow: Nauka, 2004, in 2 vols.

  • Vostochnoevropeiskie shirokolistvennye lesa (East-European Broadleaved Forests), Smirnova, O.V., Ed., Moscow: Nauka, 1994.

  • Wang, H., Ni, J., and Prentice, I.C., Sensitivity of potential natural vegetation in China to projected changes in temperature, precipitation and atmospheric CO2, Reg. Environ. Change, 2011, vol. 11, pp. 715–727.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watt, A.S., Pattern and process in plant communities, J. Ecol., 1947, vol. 35, pp. 1–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westhoff, V. and van der Maarel, E., The Braun–Blanquet approach, in Handbook of Vegetation Science, Vol. 5: Ordination and Classification of Communities, Whittaker, R.H., Ed., Hague: Dr. W. Junk, 1973, pp. 617–726.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoccoz, N.G. and Stenseth, N.C., Population ecology and conservation of endangered megafauna: the case of European bison in Bialowieza primeval forest, Poland, Anim. Conserv., 2007, vol. 10, pp. 77–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zablotskaya, M.M., Modern problems in bison population restoration in Russia, in Problemy sokhraneniya i vosstanovleniya zubra (Problems of Preservation and Recovery of Bison Population), Danki, 2004, pp. 43–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zampieri, M. and Lionello, P., Simple statistical approach for computing land cover types and potential natural vegetation, Clim. Res., 2010, vol. 41, pp. 205–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zavialov, N.A., Habitat-forming activity of beaver: new studies and hypothesis, in Issledovaniya bobrov v Evrazii (Study of Beavers in Eurasia), Savel’ev, A.P., Ed., Kirov: Al’fa-Kom, 2011, no. 1, pp. 41–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zavialov, N.A., Ecological features of beavers (Castor fiber) inhabiting the watersheds and estuaries of hydrographic networks, Zool. Zh., 2012, vol. 91, no. 4, pp. 464–474.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zerbe, S., Potential natural vegetation: validity and applicability in landscape planning and nature conservation, Appl. Veg. Sci., 1998, vol. 1, pp. 165–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia

    O. V. Smirnova & N. A. Toropova

Authors
  1. O. V. Smirnova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. N. A. Toropova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to O. V. Smirnova.

Additional information

Original Russian Text © O.V. Smirnova, N.A. Toropova, 2016, published in Uspekhi Sovremennoi Biologii, 2016, Vol. 136, No. 2, pp. 199–211.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Smirnova, O.V., Toropova, N.A. Potential vegetation and potential ecosystem cover. Biol Bull Rev 7, 139–149 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079086417020086

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079086417020086

Keywords

Search

Navigation