Abstract
Questions of successional pattern and causality have been central concerns in vegetation ecology. In this paper we address the limits of the overextended models of Connell and Slatyer by discussing problems encountered in field tests. To help prevent such problems, we define the essential concepts needed to understand succession: pathway, cause, mechanism, and model. We then suggest a more complete enumeration of successional causes, and place them in a three-level hierarchy. The highest level in the hierarchy defines the general and universal conditions under which succession occurs: (1) availability of open sites, (2) differential availability of species, and (3) differential performance of species at the site. To provide a more detailed under-standing of succession, each of these causes is decomposed into ecological processes. A further decomposition results in the third level of the hierarchy, which is required to elucidate the mechanisms of succession at particular sites and to make detailed predictions. The hierarchy allows the appropriate causes to be chosen to answer questions about succession at the desired level of generality or level of organization. Recognizing the appropriate level(s) in the hierarchy is critical for the successful explanation of succession, design of experiments, statement of predictions, construction of models and development of general theory.
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We thank Prof. Joseph Connell for comments and helpful discussion and Prof. F. A. Bazzaz, Dr. P. S. White, Dr. L. R. Walker and the members of the Plant Strategy and Vegetation Dynamics Lab. at Rutgers for criticism. Preparation of this paper was supported by the Mary Flagler Charitable Trust through the Institute of Ecosystem Studies.
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Pickett, S.T.A., Collins, S.L. & Armesto, J.J. A hierarchical consideration of causes and mechanisms of succession. Vegetatio 69, 109–114 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00038691
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00038691