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Late Mesozoic Carbonatite of Central Asia

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Abstract

Late Mesozoic carbonatites of Central Asia are developed within the Central Asian Orogenic Belt and adjacent territories of the Siberian and North China platforms. In terms of their structural position, age, geochemical characteristics, and other parameters, they differ from other carbonatite occurrences of Central Asia and are distinguished as the Late Mesozoic carbonatite province in Central Asia. The province includes separate areas of carbonatite magmatism, the geological position of which is determined by the relation with Late Mesozoic rift zones of intracontinental Asia. The carbonatites were formed within a relatively narrow time range (between 150 and 118 Ma) at the early evolution stages of these zones. The carbonatite-bearing complexes of the province are represented by subolcanic and volcanic associations of silicate rocks, carbonatites, magmatic non-silicate rocks (phosphates, sulfates, and others), as well as products of hydrothermal activity. The carbonatites are characterized by diverse composition and include calciocarbonatites, magnesiocarbonatites, and ferrocarbonatites. The silicate rocks are dominated by K–Na and K intermediate rocks. All these rocks have similar geochemical features determined by the elevated contents of LREE, Sr, Ba, and Pb, at low Nb and Ta contents. The typomorphic minerals of carbonatites of the province, in addition to carbonates, are fluorite, Ba and Sr sulfates or carbonates, LREE F-carbonates, and apatite. Unaltered carbonatites are enriched in 18О and 13С relative to mantle values, but in general fall within the compositional range of carbonatites around the world. Hydrothermal and supergene processes modified the mineral composition of carbonatites, which was accompanied by a change of the initial Sr, O, and C isotope composition. The Sr and Nd isotope composition of rocks of carbonatite complexes of the province in general depends on the age of the basement of a definite volcanic area. Carbonatites and associated silicate rocks have close isotope characteristics, but carbonatites usually show relative enrichment in (87Sr) and depletion in radiogenic neodymium (143Nd). The formation of the Late Mesozoic carbonatite province is related to the activity of mantle plumes, which controlled the Late Mesozoic magmatism in Central Asia. The plumes obviously were accompanied by fluid flows enriched in СО2, F, and S. This caused the enrichment of lithospheric mantle in volatile components, as well as REE, Sr, Ba, and K, which were extracted by a fluid en route to the surface. Subsequent melting of metasomatized mantle produced parental melts of carbonate-bearing rock complexes.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The studies whose results are presented above were carried out at the Laboratory of Rare-Metal Magmatism at the Institute of the Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy, and Geochemistry (IGEM), Russian Academy of Sciences. The heads of the laboratory Vyacheslav I. Kovalenko and Vladimir V. Yarmolyuk have opened for myself the pathway into this fascinating region of geosciences: rare-metal magmatism. The charming and charismatic personalities of these scientists, their continuous support of my studies, fatherly attention, and their readiness to provide help allowed me to develop my own style of scientific thinking and showed me scientific outlooks. This was also assisted by my colleagues at the laboratory I.A. Andreeva, D.A. Lykhin, A.M. Kozlovsky, E.A. Kudryasheva, E.N. Listratova, M. Kashepov, О.A. Andreeva, A.A. Andreev, and N.A. Polyakov. The fieldwork during several seasons was always participated by D.A. Lykhin, whose patience and self-assurance were invaluable for achieving the desired results. The studies of the rocks in Mongolia could not be possible without the darga (boss in the Mongolian language) of the field research team A.M. Kozlovsky.

I will never forget my first field seasons, which were conducted together with G.S. Ripp, N.V. Vladykin, K.B. Bulnaev, I.V. Gordienko,, A.V. Goreglyad, and of course, our colleagues at Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, V.G. Ivanov, A.A. Vorontsov, and D.A. Baikin.

The founder of the Tuva Institute for the Exploration of Natural Resources, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, V.I. Lebedev provided a secure foothold for our fieldwork in Mongolia and Tuva. Our study of carbonatites in central Tuva, as well as other magmatic rocks in the area, were strongly connected with the outstanding geologist A.M. Surgakova and the expert in the nature of Tuva V.A. Popov. I am deeply thankful to all of the aforementioned persons.

I would like to mention Alexander V. Bolonin, a graduate from the Moscow Exploration Institute, who was the first to notice a magmatic nature of carbonatites in Tuva. Our joint fieldwork during many seasons and his keen scientific interest in alkaline rocks in Tuva were one of the driving forces for publishing this book.

I also like to express my gratitude to my colleagues at the Institute of Precambrian Geology and Geochronology, Russian Academy of Sciences, A.B. Kotov, E.B. Sal’nikova, I.V. Anisimova, V.P. Kovach, Yu.V. Plotkina, and V.M. Savatenkov. Our long-term cooperation was both fruitful and pleasant.

This work could not be possible without analytical studies. I thank the staffs of analytical units at Vinogradov Institute, and personally G.A. Pogudina, for attentive and careful work with my samples. High-resolution studies of relations between minerals were assisted by N.N. Kononkova, A.V. Mokhov, N.V. Trubkina, and L.O. Magazina.

I thank the head of the Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry and Geochronology at IGEM RAS I.V. Chernyshev for providing continuous support to our Sr and Nd isotope studies. I am grateful to my guides to isotope studies A.V. Chugaev, K.N. Shatagin, V.N. Golubev, and Yu.V. Gol’tsman, who always supported this study. I warmly remember D.Z. Zhuravlev, who was the first to study the isotope composition of carbonatites from western Transbaikalia and whose support and valuable advice I used later on.

I am indebted to B.G. Pokrovsky for studying the stable-isotope oxygen, carbon, and sulfur composition of carbonatites from Central Asia and for providing the very first interpretations of these data. B.G. Pokrovsky’s professionalism and scientific erudition helped me in mastering this field of knowledge.

This study was assisted by my colleagues at IGEM RAS P.M. Kartashev, A.V. Girnis, E.A. Dubinina, and many others. I also grateful to all persons whom I met during my professional, and not only professional, activities.

I highly appreciate the hard work of the reviewers of the manuscript of this publication. My studies were continuously supported by my family.

Funding

This study was carried out under government-financed research programs for IGEM RAS, projects of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, and projects from the president of the Russian Federation.

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    A. V. Nikiforov

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Nikiforov, A.V. Late Mesozoic Carbonatite of Central Asia. Petrology 31, 1–141 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0869591123010137

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