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Cold-Resistant Steels: Structure, Properties, and Technologies

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Abstract

The domestic achievements and research results in the field of the creation of low-carbon, cold-resistant, weldable steels supplied in the form of sheet metal for the shipbuilding industry—in particular, for use in the construction of icebreaker hulls, tankers, gas carriers, ice navigation vessels, and offshore stationary platforms—are reviewed. The requirements of the Russian Maritime Shipping Register for the chemical composition, assortment, and mechanical properties of cold-resistant, structural, low-carbon steels, their certification, and the current state of affairs in the development of cold-resistant steels in Russia and abroad are presented. The features and principles of the alloying and microalloying of low-carbon, cold-resistant, weldable steels of various strengths in the range from 315 to 960 MPa and the mechanisms to harden and enhance resistance to brittle fracture at low temperatures are reviewed. The requirements and technological methods for the formation of a steel structure providing the required cold resistance are formulated, the features of the cold-resistant steel structure are described in detail, and recommendations are formulated for further improvement of the properties and quality of cold-resistant steels.

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Notes

  1. For heavy-duty and high-strength shipbuilding steels, the following notations are applicable depending on the temperature of the samples tested for the impact bending strength: A for 0°С, D for –20°С, E for –40°С, and F for –60°С.

  2. Td is the minimum calculated operating temperature of the material, up to which the steel can be used in any structure components without restrictions.

  3. Тcb is the critical temperature of brittleness (ductile-to-brittle transition), at which at least 70% of the fibrous component is observed in the fracture of a full thickness sample with a concentrator in the form of a notch under three-point static bending before fracture.

  4. DWTT is the critical temperature of brittleness (ductile-to-brittle transition), which corresponds to 70% of the fibrous component in the fracture of a full thickness sample with a sharp notch subjected to destruction under impact loading at a speed of 5–8 m/s (test with a falling load).

  5. ZDT is the critical brittleness temperature (zero plasticity temperature) defined as the maximum temperature, at which a standard size sample breaks down with a brittle weld and a notch initiating the crack under impact loading.

  6. The anisotropy coefficient characterizes the presence and intensity of the preferable orientation of structural components [97‒99].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Kurchatov Institute National Research Center, KM Prometei Central Research Institute, 191015, St. Petersburg, Russia

    E. I. Khlusova & O. V. Sych

  2. Joint Stock Company, Research and Production Association, Machine-Building Technology (TsNIITMASH), 115088, Moscow, Russia

    V. V. Orlov

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  1. E. I. Khlusova
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  3. V. V. Orlov
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Correspondence to E. I. Khlusova.

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Khlusova, E.I., Sych, O.V. & Orlov, V.V. Cold-Resistant Steels: Structure, Properties, and Technologies. Phys. Metals Metallogr. 122, 579–613 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031918X21060041

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