Abstract
Quantification of the relative composition of the isomers in a photochromic system at any irradiation time interval is a critical issue in determining absolute quantum yields. For this purpose, we have developed a simple and convenient protocol involving combination of UV-visible and infra-red absorption spectroscopy. Photochromic cyclization reaction of cis-l,2-dicyano-l,2-bis(2,4,5-trimethyl-3-thieny1)ethene (CMTE) is analyzed to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed methodology. This approach is based on the fact that the two isomers show distinctive infra-red bands. Detailed investigations of the UV-visible and infra-red spectra of the mixture obtained at different irradiation times in CCl4 supported by quantum chemical computations lead to the unambiguous estimation of molar absorption coefficients of the closed isomer (εCF = 4650 L mol−1 cm−1 at 512 nm). It facilitates the first determination of absolute quantum yields of this reversible photochromic reaction in CCl4 by fitting the UV-visible spectral data (ΦOF→CF = 0.41 ± 0.05 and ΦCF→OF = 0.12 ± 0.02 at 405 nm and 546 nm, respectively).
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes and references
Organic Photochromic and Thermochromic Compounds, ed. J. C. Crano and R. J. Guglielmetti, Plenum Press, New York, 1999
F. M. Raymo and M. Tomasulo, Electron and energy transfer modulation with photochromic switches, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2005, 34, 327–336.
M. Tomasulo, S. Sortino and F. M. Raymo, A new family of photochromic compounds based on the photoinduced opening and thermal closing of [1,3]oxazine rings, J. Photochem. Photobiol., A, 2008, 200, 44–49
H. Tian and S. Wang, Photochromic bisthienylethene as multi-function switches, Chem. Commun., 2007, 781–792
H. Bouas-Laurent and H. Durr, Organic photochromism, Pure Appl. Chem., 2001, 73, 639–665
H. Dürr and H. Bouas-Laurent, Photochromism, Molecules, and Systems, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1990
B. L. Feringa, Molecular Switches, Wiley-VCH, Darmstadt, 2001
M. Tomasulo, S. Sortino and F. M. Raymo, A fast and stable photochromic switch based on the opening and closing of an oxazine ring, Org. Lett., 2005, 7, 1109–1112
F. M. Raymo and M. Tomasulo, Optical processing with photochromic switches, Chem.-Eur. J., 2006, 12, 3186–3193
H. Tian and Y. L. Feng, Next step of photochromic switches?, J. Mater. Chem., 2008, 18, 1617–1622
F. Li, J. P. Zhuang, G. Y. Jiang, H. H. Tang, A. D. Xia, L. Jiang, Y. L. Song, Y. L. Li and D. B. Zhu, A rewritable optical data storage material system by [2+2] photocycloreversion-photocycloaddition, Chem. Mater., 2008, 20, 1194–1196
J. A. Delaire and K. Nakatani, Linear and nonlinear optical properties of photochromic molecules and materials, Chem. Rev., 2000, 100, 1817–1845
K. Szacilowski, Digital information processing in molecular systems, Chem. Rev., 2008, 108, 3481–3548.
M. Irie and M. Mohri, Thermally irreversible photochromic systems - reversible photocyclization of diarylethene derivatives, J. Org. Chem., 1988, 53, 803–808.
S. Nakamura and M. Irie, Thermally irreversible photochromic systems - A theoretical-study, J. Org. Chem., 1988, 53, 6136–6138.
M. Irie, Diarylethenes for memories and switches, Chem. Rev., 2000, 100, 1685–1716
H. Tian and S. J. Yang, Recent progresses on diarylethene based photochromic switches, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2004, 33, 85–97
K. Matsuda and M. Irie, Diarylethene as a photo switching unit, J. Photochem. Photobiol., C, 2004, 5, 169–182
S. Kawata and Y. Kawata, Three-dimensional optical data storage using photochromic materials, Chem. Rev., 2000, 100, 1777–1788.
T. Kawai, T. Koshido and K. Yoshino, Optical and dielectric-properties of photochromic dye in amorphous state and its application, Appl. Phys. Lett., 1995, 67, 795–797.
T. Koshido, T. Kawai and K. Yoshino, Novel photomemory effects in photochromic dye-doped conducting polymer and amorphous photochromic dye layer, Synth. Met., 1995, 73, 257–260.
T. Kawai, T. Koshido, Y. Kaneuchi and K. Yoshino, Photomemory effects in electrical and optical properties of photochromic dye in the non-crystalline solid state, Thin Solid Films, 1996, 273, 195–198.
K. Kasatani, S. Kambe and M. Irie, Photochromic reaction and fluorescence of dithienylethenes in solid states, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 2000, 345, 45–50.
T. Koshido, T. Kawai and K. Yoshino, Novel photomemory effects in an amorphous photochromic dye, Jpn J. Appl. Phys. Part 2, 1995, 34, L389–L392.
H. Ishitobi, Z. Sekkat and S. Kawata, Individualized optically induced orientation of photochemical isomers, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, 300, 421–428.
T. Hiraga, G. R. Chen, K. Tsujita, N. Tanaka, Q. Y. Chen and T. Moriya, A novel formation method of thin polymer film with densely dispersed organic dye by using vacuum technique, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 2000, 344, 211–216
T. Mizokuro, H. Mochizuki, M. Xiaoliang, S. Horiuchi, N. Tanaka, N. Tanigaki and T. Hiraga, Addition of functional characteristics of organic photochromic dye to nano-structures by selective doping on a polymer surface, Jpn J. Appl. Phys. Part 2, 2003, 42, L983–L985
T. Mizokuro, H. Mochizuki, N. Yamamoto, S. Horiuchi, N. Tanigaki, T. Hiraga and N. Tanaka, A formation of organic rewritable optical memory media using the vapor transportation method, J. Photopolym. Sci. Technol., 2003, 16, 195–198.
H. Ishitobi, Z. Sekkat, M. Irie and S. Kawata, The photoorientation movement of a diarylethene-type chromophore, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 12802–12805.
H. Mochizuki, T. Mizokuro, N. Tanigaki and T. Hiraga, in 7th International Conference on Nano-Molecular Electronics (ICNME 2006), Kobe, Japan, 2006, pp. 2794–2799.
A. Spangenberg, A. Brosseau, R. Metivier, M. Sliwa, K. Nakatani, T. Asahi and T. Uwada, Fabrication of nanoscale photochromic materials by vapor deposition method, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 2007, 20, 985–991.
A. Bellec, M. Cranney, Y. Chalopin, A. J. Mayne, G. Comtet and G. Dujardin, Distinguishing different isomers of the photochromic CMTE molecule on the Si(100) surface studied by STM, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2007, 111, 14818–14822.
T. Koshido, T. Kawai and K. Yoshino, Optical and electrochemical properties of “-1,2-dicyano-1,2-bis (2,4,5-trimethyl-3-thienyl)ethene, J. Phys. Chem., 1995, 99, 6110–6114.
Q. Y. Chen, T. Hiraga, L. Men, J. Tominaga and N. Atoda, Optical properties and application of photochromic diarylethene, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 2000, 345, 21–26.
N. Tanio and M. Irie, Photooptical switching of polymer film wave-guide containing photochromic diarylethenes, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 1, 1994, 33, 1550–1553
S. Murase, M. Teramoto, H. Furukawa, Y. Miyashita and K. Horie, Photochemically induced fluorescence control with intermolecular energy transfer from a fluorescent dye to a photochromic diarylethene in a polymer film, Macromolecules, 2003, 36, 964–966.
H. Konaka, L. P. Wu, M. Munakata, T. Kuroda-Sowa, M. Maekawa and Y. Suenaga, Syntheses and structures of photochromic silver(I) coordination polymers with cis-1,2-dicyano-1,2-bis(2,4,5-trimethyl-3-thienyl)ethene, Inorg. Chem., 2003, 42, 1928–1934
M. Munakata, L. P. Wu, T. KurodaSowa, M. Maekawa, Y. Suenaga and K. Furuichi, Reversible photochromism of a crystalline dithienylethene copper(I) polymer, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1996, 118, 3305–3306
J. Han, H. Konaka, T. Kuroda-Sowa, M. Maekawa, Y. Suenaga, H. Isihara and M. Munakata, Syntheses and structures of photochromic molybdenum(II) and rhodium(II) complexes with 1,2-dicyano-1,2-bis(2,4,5-trimethyl-3-thienyl)ethene, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 2006, 359, 99–108
J. Han, A. Nabei, Y. Suenaga, M. Maekawa, H. Isihara, T. Kuroda-Sowa and M. Munakata, Photochromic Rh(II) complexes based on 1,2-dicyano-1,2-bis(2,4,5-trimethyl-3-thienyl)ethene, Polyhedron, 2006, 25, 2483–2490.
E. Fischer, The calculation of photostationary states in systems AB when only A is known, J. Phys. Chem., 1967, 71, 3704.
J. Piard, R. Métivier, M. Giraud, A. Léaustic, P. Yu and K. Nakatani, Photoswitching in diarylethene nanoparticles, a trade-off between bulk solid and solution: towards balanced photochromic and fluorescent properties, New J. Chem., 2009, 33, 1420–1426
R. Loucif-Saïbi, K. Nakatani and J. A. Delaire, Photoisomerization and 2nd harmonic-generation in disperse red one-doped and one-functionalized poly(methyl methacrylate) films, Chem. Mater., 1993, 5, 229–236.
S. Delbaere and G. Vermeersch, NMR spectroscopy applied to photochromism investigations, J. Photochem. Photobiol., C, 2008, 9, 61–80.
F. Stellacci, C. Bertarelli, F. Toscano, M. C. Gallazzi and G. Zerbi, Diarylethene-based photochromic rewritable optical memories: on the possibility of reading in the mid-infrared, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, 302, 563–570.
A. Bianco, C. Bertarelli, J. F. Rabolt and G. Zerbi, Diarylethenes with electroactive substituents: A theoretical study to understand the effect on the IR spectrum and a simple way to read optical memory in the mid-IR, Chem. Mater., 2005, 17, 869–874.
K. Uchida, M. Saito, A. Murakami, S. Nakamura and M. Irie, Multifrequency photochromic recording and nondestructive readout using IR light, ChemPhysChem, 2003, 4, 1124–1127
K. Uchida, M. Saito, A. Murakami, S. Nakamura and M. Irie, Non-destructive readout of the photochromic reactions of diarylethene derivatives using infrared light, Adv. Mater., 2003, 15, 121–125
K. Uchida, M. Saito, A. Murakami, T. Kobayashi, S. Nakamura and M. Irie, Three bits eight states photochromic recording and nondestructive readout by using IR light, Chem.-Eur. J., 2005, 11, 534–542
K. Uchida, M. Saito, A. Murakami, T. Kobayashi, S. Nakamura and M. Irie, Multi-states photochromic recording and nondestructive readout using IR light, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 2005, 430, 31–36
A. Takata, M. Saito, S. Yokojima, A. Murakami, S. Nakamura, M. Irie and K. Uchida, Micrometer-scale photochromic recording on amorphous diarylethene film and nondestructive readout using near-field IR light, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 1, 2006, 45, 7114–7120.
M. Seibold, H. Port and K. Gustav, Determination of reaction quantum yields of photochromic fulgides using mid-IR spectroscopy: quantitative evaluation and normal mode analysis, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, 314, 65–72.
M. J. Frisch, G. W. Trucks, H. B. Schlegel, G. E. Scuseria, M. A. Robb, J. R. Cheeseman, J. A. Montgomery, Jr., T. Vreven, K. N. Kudin, J. C. Burant, J. M. Millam, S. S. Iyengar, J. Tomasi, V. Barone, B. Mennucci, M. Cossi, G. Scalmani, N. Rega, G. A. Petersson, H. Nakatsuji, M. Hada, M. Ehara, K. Toyota, R. Fukuda, J. Hasegawa, M. Ishida, T. Nakajima, Y. Honda, O. Kitao, H. Nakai, M. Klene, X. Li, J. E. Knox, H. P. Hratchian, J. B. Cross, V. Bakken, C. Adamo, J. Jaramillo, R. Gomperts, R. E. Stratmann, O. Yazyev, A. J. Austin, R. Cammi, C. Pomelli, J. Ochterski, P. Y. Ayala, K. Morokuma, G. A. Voth, P. Salvador, J. J. Dannenberg, V. G. Zakrzewski, S. Dapprich, A. D. Daniels, M. C. Strain, O. Farkas, D. K. Malick, A. D. Rabuck, K. Raghavachari, J. B. Foresman, J. V. Ortiz, Q. Cui, A. G. Baboul, S. Clifford, J. Cioslowski, B. B. Stefanov, G. Liu, A. Liashenko, P. Piskorz, I. Komaromi, R. L. Martin, D. J. Fox, T. Keith, M. A. Al-Laham, C. Y. Peng, A. Nanayakkara, M. Challacombe, P. M. W. Gill, B. G. Johnson, W. Chen, M. W. Wong, C. Gonzalez and J. A. Pople, GAUSSIAN 03 (Revision C.02), Gaussian, Inc., Wallingford, CT, 2004.
E. A. Perpete, F. Maurel and D. Jacquemin, TD-DFT investigation of diarylethene dyes with cyclopentene, dihydrothiophene, and dihydropyrrole bridges, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2007, 111, 5528–5535.
P. D. Patel and A. E. Masunov, Theoretical Study of Photochromic Compounds. 1. Bond Length Alternation and Absorption Spectra for the Open and Closed Forms of 29 Diarylethene Derivatives, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2009, 113, 8409–8414.
A. V. Metelitsa, V. Lokshin, J. C. Micheau, A. Samat, R. Guglielmetti and V. I. Minkin, Photochromism and solvatochromism of push-pull or pull-push spiroindolinenaphthoxazines, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2002, 4, 4340–4345
A. V. Metelitsa, J. C. Micheau, S. O. Besugliy, E. B. Gaeva, N. A. Voloshin, E. N. Voloshina, A. Samat and V. I. Minkin, Photochromic properties of six 5-O-n-alkyl, 6′-CN substituted spironaphthoxazines, Int. J. Photoenergy, 2004, 6, 199–204
M. H. Deniel, D. Lavabre and J. C. Micheau, in Organic Photochromic and Thermochromic Compounds, ed. J. C. Crano and R. J. Guglielmetti, Plenum Press, New York, 1999, vol. 2, p. 167
M. Maafi and R. G. Brown, The kinetic model for AB(1Φ) systems - A closed-form integration of the differential equation with a variable photokinetic factor, J. Photochem. Photobiol., A, 2007, 187, 319–324
M. Maafi and R. G. Brown, Kinetic analysis and elucidation options for AB(1k, 2 phi) systems. new spectrokinetic methods for photochromes, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2008, 7, 1360–1372.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
This paper is part of a themed issue on synthetic and natural photoswitches.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Spangenberg, A., Piedras Perez, J.A., Patra, A. et al. Probing photochromic properties by correlation of UV-visible and infra-red absorption spectroscopy: a case study with cis-1,2-dicyano-1,2-bis(2,4,5-trimethyl-3-thienyl)ethene. Photochem Photobiol Sci 9, 188–193 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1039/b9pp00133f
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/b9pp00133f