Abstract
Recent interest has focused on the potential uses of inert perfluorochemical (PFC) oils as organic oxygen carriers. PFCs and their emulsions can alter the growth characteristics of a variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell types. This has important implications in both basic and applied cell culture studies since gas transport is often a limiting factor. However, a pre-requisite to any biotechnological use of PFCs in cell cultures is knowledge of their effects on basic cellular functions. This paper reviews the properties of PFCs relevant to biological systems and considers their effects on microbial, plant and animal cells, including tumour cell lines. The extent to which growth, function and biochemical properties of cells can be altered in the presence of PFCs and their emulsion constituents is especially considered. Potential new applications for PFCs in cell culture systems have been highlighted.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Lowe, K.C. (Ed.). 1988. Blood Substitutes: Preparation, Physiology and Medical Applications. Ellis Horwood, Chichester.
Riess, J.G. and Le Blanc, M. 1982. Solubility and transport phenomena in perfluorochemicals relevant to blood substitution and other biomedical applications. Pure Appl. Chem. 54:2383–2406.
Clark, L.C. 1985. Introduction to Fluorocarbons. Int. Anaesth. Clin. 23:1–9.
Cohn, J.P. 1987. Chlorofluorocarbons and the ozone layer. Bioscience 37:647–650.
Sharma, S.K., Bollands, A.D., Davis, S.S. and Lowe, K.C. 1987. Emulsified perfluorochemicals as physiological oxygen-transport fluids: assessment of a novel formulation. p. 97–108. In: Oxygen Transport to Tissue, Vol. IX. Silver, I. A. and Silver, A. (Eds). Plenum, London.
Holst, O., Enfors, S.O. and Mattiasson, B. 1982. Oxygenation of immobilized cells using hydrogen-peroxide; a model study of Gluconobacter oxydans converting glycerol to dihydroxyacetone. Eur. J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 14:64–68.
Adlercreutz, P., Holst, O. and Mattiasson, B. 1982. Oxygen supply to immobilized cells: 2. Studies on a co-immobilized algae-bacteria preparation with in situ oxygen generation. Enz. Microb. Technol. 4:395–400.
Brodelius, P., Nilsson, K. and Mosbach, K. 1981. Production of alphaketo acids. Part I. Immobilized cells of Trigonopsis variabilis containing D-amino acid oxidase. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 6:293–308.
Szwajcer, E., Brodelius, P. and Mosbach, K. 1982. Production of alpha-keto acids: 2. Immobilized whole cells of Providencia sp. PCM 1298 containing L-amino acid oxidase. Enz. Microb. Technol. 4:409–413.
Buckland, B.C., Dunnill, P. and Lilly, M.D. 1975. The enzymatic transformation of water-insoluble reactants in nonaqueous solvents. Conversion of cholesterol to cholest-4-ene-3-one by a Nocardia sp. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 17:815–826.
Adlercreutz, P. and Mattiasson, B. 1982. Oxygen supply to immobilized cells. 3. Oxygen supply by hemoglobin or emulsions of perfluorochemicals. Eur. J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 16:165–170.
Leonhardt, A., Szwajcer, E. and Mosbach, K. 1985. The potential use of silicon compounds as oxygen carriers for free and immobilized cells containing L-amino acid oxidase. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 21:162–166.
Chibata, I.S., Yamada, S.T., Wada, M.N., Izuo, N.Y. and Yamaguchi, T.Y. 1974. Cultivation of aerobic microorganisms. U.S. Patent No. 3,850,753.
Hertl, W. and Ramsey, W.S. 1979. Means for stimulating microbial growth. U.S. Patent No. 4,166,006.
Damiano, D. and Wang, S.S. 1985. Novel use of a perfluorocarbon for supplying oxygen to aerobic submerged cultures. Biotechnol. Lett. 7:81–86.
Rols, J.L., Condoret, J.S., Fonade, C. and Goma, G. 1988. Mechanism of enhanced oxygen transfer in fermentation using emulsified oxygen-vectors. Proc. 8th Internat. Biotechnol. Symp. Paris., Abst. B94.
Mattiasson, B. and Adlercreutz, P. 1984. Use of perfluorochemicals for oxygen supply to immobilized cells. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 413:545–547.
Ceschin, C., Malet-Martino, M.C., Michel, G. and Lattes, A. 1985. Optimization of anaerobes growth with a perfluorinated oil. C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris., Serie III, 18:669–672.
Helmke, E. 1979. Zur kultivierung von aeroben Actinomyceten mariner und terrestrischer Herkunft unter hydrostatischem druck. Veroff. Inst. Meeresforsch. Bremerh. 18 1–20.
Popkova, N.I., Yushchenko, A.A., Yurkiv, V.A. and Irtuganova, O.A. 1988. Functional characteristics of the antioxidative system of Mycobacteria grown on media modified by perfluorodecalin. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 105:215–217.
King, A.T., Bray, J., Lowe, K.C. and Mulligan, B.J. 1989. Unpublished observations.
King, A.T., Lowe, K.C. and Mulligan, B.J. 1988. Emulsified perfluorochemicals for oxygenation of microbial cell cultures? p. 579–584. In: Oxygen Transport to Tissue, Vol. X. Mochizuki, M., Honig, C. R., Koyama, T., Goldstick, T. K. and Bruley, D. F. (Eds.). Plenum, New York.
Mattiasson, B. and Adlercreutz, P. 1987. Perfluorochemicals in biotechnology. Trends in Biotech. 5:250–254.
Chandler, D., Davey, M.R., Lowe, K.C. and Mulligan, B.J. 1987. Effects of emulsified perfluorochemicals on growth and ultrastructure of microbial cells in culture. Biotechnol. Lett. 9:195–200.
King, A.T., Lowe, K.C. and Mulligan, B.J. 1988. Microbial cell responses to a non-ionic surfactant. Biotechnol. Lett. 10:177–180.
King, A.T., Lowe, K.C. and Mulligan, B.J. 1988. Microbial cell responses to a non-ionic surfactant. II. Effects as assessed by fluorescein diacetate uptake. Biotechnol. Lett. 10:873–878.
Lee, G.M., Huard, T.K., Kaminski, M.S. and Palsson, B.O. 1988. Effect of mechanical agitation on hybridoma cell growth. Biotechnol. Lett. 10:625–628.
Hamamoto, K., Tokashiki, M., Ichikawa, Y. and Murakami, H. 1987. High cell density culture of a hybridoma using perfluorocarbon to supply oxygen. Agric. Biol. Chem. 51:3415–3416.
Cho, M.H. and Wang, S.S. 1988. Enhancement of oxygen transfer in Hybridoma cell culture by using a perfluorocarbon as an oxygen carrier. Biotechnol. Lett. 10:855–860.
Rosenburg, M.D. 1964. Cell surface interactions and interfacial dynamics, p. 146–164. In: Cellular Control Mechanisms and Cancer. Emmelot, P. and Muhlbock, O. (Eds.). Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Keese, C.R. and Giaever, I. 1983. Cell growth on liquid microcarriers. Science 219:1448–1449.
Keese, C.R. and Giaever, I. 1983. Cell growth on liquid interfaces: role of surface active compounds. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:5622–5626.
Giaever, I. and Keese, C.R. 1983. Behaviour of cells at fluid interfaces. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 80:219–222.
Sanfilippo, B., Ciardiella, F., Salomon, D.S. and Kidwell, W.R. 1988. Growth of cells on a perfluorocarbon-medium interface: a quantitative assay for anchorage-independent cell growth. In vitro Cell Dev. Biol. 24:71–78.
Lowe, K.C. 1988. Emulsified perfluorochemicals for oxygen-transport to tissues: effects on lymphoid system and immunological competence, p. 655–663. In: Oxygen Transport to Tissue, Vol. X. Mochizuki, M., Honig, C. R., Koyama, T., Goldstick, T. K. and Bruley, D. F. (Eds.). Plenum, New York.
Bucala, R., Kawakami, M. and Cerami, A. 1983. Cytotoxicity of a perfluorocarbon blood substitute to macrophages in vitro. Science 220:965–967.
Lowe, K.C., McNaughton, D.C. and Moore, J.P. 1984. Unpublished observations.
Bollands, A.D. and Lowe, K.C. 1989. Effects of emulsified perfluorochemicals on spleen cells in culture. Biotechnol. Lett. 11:265–268.
Lowe, K.C., McNaughton, D.C. and Moore, J.P. 1984. Effect of a perfluorocarbon emulsion, Fluosol-DA, on histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells in vitro. Br. J. Pharmac. 82:276P.
Lowe, K.C., McNaughton, D.C. and Moore, J.P. 1984. Unpublished observations.
Virmani, R., Warren, D., Rees, D., Fink, L.M. and English, D. 1983. Effects of perfluorochemical on phagocytic function of leukocytes. Transfusion 23:512–515.
Wake, E.J., Studzinski, G.P. and Bhandl, A. 1985. Changes in human cultured cells exposed to a perfluorocarbon emulsion. Transfusion 25:73–77.
Virmani, R., Fink, L.M., Gunter, K. and English, D. 1984. Effect of perfluorochemical blood substitutes on human neutrophil function. Transfusion 24:343–347.
Lane, T.A. and Lamkin, G.E. 1984. Paralysis of phagocyte migration due to an artificial blood substitute. Blood 64:400–405.
Fujita, T., Suzuki, C. and Ogawa, R. 1973. Effect of Fluosol-DA on the reticuloendothelial system function in surgical patients, p. 265–272. In: Advances in Blood Substitute Research. Bolin, R. B., Geyer, R. P. and Nemo. C. J. (Eds.). Liss, New York.
Janco, R.L., Virmani, R., Morris, P.J. and Gunter, K. 1985. Perfluorochemical blood substitutes differentially alter human monocyte procoagulant generation and oxidative metabolism. Transfusion 25:578–582.
Holloway, G.M., O'Rear, E.A. and Fung, B.M. 1986. Plasma-mediated alterations of erythrocyte deformability by perfluorochemical blood substitutes. Blood 67:173–176.
Tuliani, V.V., O'Rear, E.A., Fung, B.M. and Sierra, B.D. 1988. Interaction between erythrocytes and a perfluorochemical blood substitute. J. Biomed. Mat. Res. 22:45–61.
Reindorf, C.A., Kurantsin-Mills, J., Allotey, J.B. and Castro, O. 1985. Perfluorocarbon compounds: effects on the rheological properties of sickle erythrocytes in vitro. Am. J. Hemat. 19:229–236.
Kmetzo, J.J., Stein, T.P. and Herbert, W.W. 1977. Human platelet and fluorochemical interaction. J. Biomed. Mat. Res. 11:847–858.
Murhammer, D.W. and Goochee, C.F. 1989. Scaleup of insect cell cultures: protective efects of Pluronic F-68. Bio Technology 6:1411–1418.
Martin, D.F., Porter, E.A., Fischer, J.J. and Rockwell, S. 1987. Effect of a perfluorochemical emulsion on the radiation response of BA1112 rhabdomysosarcomas. Radiat. Res. 112:45–53.
Fingar, V.H., Mang, T.S. and Henderson, B.W. 1988. Modification of photodynamic therapy-induced hypoxia by Fluosol-DA (20%) and carbogen breathing in mice. Cancer Res. 48:3350–3354.
Teicher, B.A. and Holden, S.A. 1987. Survey of the effect of adding Fluosol-DA 20%/O2 to treatment with various chemotherapeutic agents. Cancer Treat. Rep. 71:173–177.
Rockwell, S. 1985. Use of a perfluorochemical emulsion to improve oxygenation in a solid tumour. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 11:97–108.
Le Blanc, M., Riess, J.G., Poggi, D. and Follana, R. 1985. Use of lymphoblastoid Namalva cell cultures in a toxicity test. Application to the monitoring of detoxification procedures for fluorocarbons to be used as intra-vascular oxygen-carriers. Pharm. Res. 5:246–248.
Fujita, Y. and Tabata, M. 1987. Secondary metabolites from plant cells-pharmaceutical applications and progress in commercial production, p. 169–185. In: Plant Tissue and Cell Culture. Green, C. E., Somers, A., Hackett, W. P. and Biesboer, D. D. (Eds.). Liss, New York.
Barnabas, N.J. and David, S.B. 1988. Solasodine production by immobilized cells and suspension cultures of Solanum surattense. Biotechnol. Lett. 10:593–596.
Tanaka, H., Semba, H., Jitsufuchi, T. and Harada, H. 1988. The effect of physical stress on plant cells in suspension cultures. Biotechnol. Lett. 10:485–490.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
King, A., Mulligan, B. & Lowe, K. Perfluorochemicals and Cell Culture. Nat Biotechnol 7, 1037–1042 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt1089-1037
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt1089-1037
- Springer Nature America, Inc.
This article is cited by
-
Foam control in biotechnological processes—challenges and opportunities
Discover Chemical Engineering (2024)