Abstract
This paper critically examines the relevance of profit related pay (PRP) for the U.K. small firm sector. Since 1986, the U.K. government has actively encouraged PRP, which attracts generous tax breaks, because it believed that PRP would make pay more flexible downwards and would significantly improve employee identification, morale and productivity. An analysis of the theoretical arguments and the assumptions made regarding the nature of the U.K. small firm sector that underlay these claims suggests, however, that the likelihood of achieving either of these alleged benefits is small. An appraisal of the available empirical evidence on the practical implementation and operation of PRP schemes suggests that the tax relief simply encourages firms to introduce ‘cosmetic’ schemes that have no appreciable impact upon the behaviour of either firms or employees. Moreover, the experience of some firms that adopted PRP schemes indicates that, far from increasing morale and productivity, PRP often creates new tensions and conflict between owners and employees. These and other unintended consequences illustrate the inherent difficulties of government attempts to use the tax system to alter the behaviour of agents engaged in a wide variety of complex and very heterogeneous bargaining situations.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bhargava, S., 1994, ‘Profit Sharing and the Financial Performance of Companies: Evidence from U.K. Panel Data’, The Economic Journal 104, 1044-1056.
Blanchflower, D. G. and A. J. Oswald, 1988, ‘Profit-related Pay: Prose Discovered’, The Economic Journal 98, 720-730.
Blinder, A.S. (ed.), 1990, ‘Paying for Productivity’, The Brookings Institution, Washington.
Cable, J. and N. Wilson, 1989, ‘Profit-Sharing and Productivity: An Analysis of U.K. Engineering firms’, The Economic Journal 99, 366-376.
Davis, E. H., 1986, ‘Profit Sharing and Employee Share Ownership’, Fiscal Studies 7(2), 54-62.
Duncan, C., 1988, ‘Why Profit Related Pay Will Fail’, Industrial Relations Journal 19, 186-200.
Estrin, S. and R. Shlomowitz, 1988, ‘Income Sharing, Employee Ownership and Worker Democracy’, Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics 59, 43-65.
Friedman, B., 1992, ‘Profit-linked Pay Breaks the Chains’, The Independent on Sunday, 20 December, 1992.
FitzRoy, F. and K. Kraft, 1987, ‘Cooperation, Productivity and Profit Sharing’ Quarterly Journal of Economics 12, 23-35.
Hanson, C. and R. Watson, 1990, ‘Profit Sharing and Company Performance: Some Empirical Evidence for the U.K.’, chapter 10 of Jenkins and Poole (eds.) (1990), pp. 165-182.
Hart, O. and B. Holmstrom, 1987, ‘The Theory of Contracts’, in T. Bewley (ed.), Advances in Economic Theory, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Incomes Data Services (IDS), 1990, ‘Profit-Related Pay’, Report Number 471, December.
Incomes Data Services (IDS), 1992, ‘Profit-Related Pay’, Report Number 520, December.
Incomes Data Services (IDS), 1994, ‘Profit-Related Pay’, Report Number 564, October 1994.
Jenkins and Poole (eds.), 1990, New Forms of Ownership, Routledge, London.
Jones, S., 1993, ‘Tax-Free Pay for Accountants’, Accountancy,May, p. 51.
Keasey, K and R. Watson, 1993, ‘Small Firm Management: Ownership, Finance and Performance’, Oxford, Basil Blackwell.
Kruse, D. L., 1992, ‘Profit Sharing and Productivity: Microeconomic Evidence from the United States’, The Economic Journal 102, 24-36.
Luther, R., 1992, ‘Profit Related Pay: Practice and Theory’, ICAEW, London.
Meade, J. E., 1986, ‘Alternative Systems of Business Organisation and of Workers Remuneration’, Allen and Unwin.
Milgrom, P. and J. Roberts, 1992, ‘Economics, Organisation and Management’, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall.
Mitchell, D. J. B., D. Lewin and E. E. Lawler, 1990,’ Alternative Pay Systems, Firm Performance, and Productivity ’,chapter 2 of Blinder (ed.) (1990), pp. 15-88.
Ogden, S., 1992, ‘The Limits to Employee Involvement: Profit Sharing and Disclosure of Information, Journal of Management Studies 29(2)(March), 229-248.
Ogden, S., 1993, ‘The Limitations of Agency Theory: The Case of Accounting Based Profit Sharing Schemes’, Critical Perspectives of Accounting 4(2), 179-206.
Piore, M. and C. Sabel, 1984, ‘The Second Industrial Divide’, New York, Basic Books.
Stanworth, J. and C. Gray (eds.), 1991, Bolton 20 Years On,London, Paul Chapman Publishing.
Storey, D. J., 1994, Understanding the Small Business Sector, London, Routledge.
Wachter, M. and R. Wright, 1990, ‘The Economics of Internal Labour Markets’, Industrial Relations 29, 240-262.
Watson, R., 1990, ‘Employment Change, Profits and Directors' Remuneration in Small and Closely-Held U.K. Companies’, Scottish Journal of Political Economy 37, 259-274.
Weitzman, M., 1984, ‘The Share Economy’, Harvard University Press.
Weitzman, M., 1985, ‘The Simple Macroeconomics of Profit Sharing’, American Economic Review 75(5), 937-953
Weitzman, M. and D. L Kruse, 1990, ‘Profit Sharing and Productivity’, chapter 3 of Blinder (ed.) (1990), pp. 95-140.
Wilson, N. and M. Peel, 1990, ‘The Impact of Profit-sharing, Worker Participation, and Share Ownership on Absenteeism and Quits: Some U.K. Evidence’, chapter 12 of Jenkins and Poole (eds.) (1990), pp. 205-232.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ciancanelli, P., Gallhofer, S., Haslam, J. et al. Profit Related Pay and the U.K. Small Firm Labour Market. Small Business Economics 9, 225–238 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017953716908
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017953716908