Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Potential of Nucleotide Analogs as Inhibitors of Retroviruses and Tumors

  • Published:
Pharmaceutical Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The biologically active form of most purine or pyrimidine analogs is the nucleoside 5′-mono, di- or triphosphate. The nucleoside form is most often administered because of the ease with which it penetrates cells by facilitated transport. However, many nucleoside derivatives fail to exhibit significant antiviral or antitumor activity because they are not phosphorylated by cellular enzymes to the active nucleotide form. In this review, the potential use of suitable nucleotide analogs as selective inhibitors of ribonucleotide reductase and viral reverse transcriptase is considered. Masked nucleotides such as phosphoramidates or methyl phosphates could be employed to allow transport across cellular membranes. Furthermore, phosphonocarboxamide, phosphonoformate or sulfamidophosphoramidate may mimic nucleotide di- and triphosphates. Tumor cells and virally infected cells are often more permeable to nucleotides and their analogs than normal cells, which could provide a therapeutic advantage. There could be considerable therapeutic potential for nucleotide analogs that can penetrate the tumor cell membranes and that are resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis and are non-incorporable into DNA or RNA.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Temin, H. M. (1972) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 69, 1016–1020.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Robinson, H. L. (1982) Rev. Infect. Dis. 4, 1015–1025.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Cairns, J. (1981) Nature 289, 353–357.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Poiesz, B. J., Ruscetti, F. N., Reitz, M. S., Kalyanaraman, V. S., Gallo, R. C. (1981) Nature 294, 268–271.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Hinuma, Y., Nagata, K., Hanaoka, M., Nakai, M., Matsumoto, T., Kinoshita, K., Shirakana, S., Miyoshi, I. (1981) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 6476–6480.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Blayney, D. W., Jaffe, E. S., Fisher, R. I., Schechter, G. P., Cossman, J., Robert-Guroff, M., Kalyanaraman, V. S., Blattner, W. A., Gallo, C. (1983) Ann. Intern. Med. 98, 144–151; Editorial (1982) Lancet 317–318 Feb. 6.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Kalayanaraman, V. S., Sarngadharan, M. G., Robert-Guroff, J., Miyoshi, I., Blayney, D., Gallo, R. C. (1982) Science 218, 571–573.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Hinuma, Y., Gotoh, Y., Sugamura, K., Nagata, K., Goto, T., Nakai, M., Kamada, N., Matsumoto, T., Kinoshita, K. (1982) Gan. 73, 341–344.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Yoshida, M., Miyoshi, I., Hinuma, Y. (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 2031–2035; Yamamoto, N., Okada, M., Koyanagi, Y., Kannagi, M., Hinuma, Y. (1982) Science 217, 737–739.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Essex, M., McLane, M. F., Lee, T. H., Falk, L., Howe, C. W. S., Mullins, J. I., Cabradilla, C., Francis, D. P. (1983) Science 220, 859–862; Gelmann, E. P., Popovic, M., Blayney, D., Masur, H., Sidhu, G., Stahl, R. E., Gallo, R. C. (1983) Science 220, 862–865; Gallo, R. C., Sarin, P. S., Gelmann, E. P., Robert-Guroff, M., Richardson, E., Kalyanaraman, V. S., Mann, D., Sidhu, G. D., Stahl, R. E., Zolla-Pazner, S., Lebowitch, J., Popovic, M. (1983) Science 220, 865–867; Barre-Sinoussi, F., Chermann, J. C., Rey, F., Nugeyre, M. T., Chamaret, S., Gruest, J., Dauguet, C., Axler-Bun, C., Vezinet-Brun, F., Rouzioux, C., Rozenbaum, W., Montagnier, L. (1983) Science 220, 868–871.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Arya, S. K., Job, L., Chawda, R. (1980) Oncology 37, 129–135.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Gallo, R. C., Gelmann, E. P. (1981) N. Engl. J. Med. 304, 169–170.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Chandra, P. (1980) Proc. Fed. Eur. Biochem. Soc. 61, 215–228.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Temin, H. M. (1978) Trends Biochem. Sci. 3, 80–83.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Staal, S. P., Hartley, J. W., Rowe, W. P. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad, Sci. USA 74, 3065–3067.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Eva, A., Robbins, K., Andersen, P., Srinivasen, A., Papas, T., Tronick, S., Reddy, E. P., Westin, E., Wong-Staal, F., Gallo, R., Ellmore, N., Aarronson, S., (1981) Abstracts of papers presented at the Cold Spring Harbor meeting on “RNA Tumor Viruses”, on May 20–24, p. 294.

  17. Varmus, H. E. (1982) Science 216, 812–820.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Robinson, W. S., Robinson, H. L. (1971) Virology 44, 457.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Murphy, E. C. (1981) Abstracts of papers presented at the Cold Spring Harbor meeting on “RNA-Tumor Viruses” on May 20–24, p. 86.

  20. Gerwin, B. I., Rein, A., Levin, J. G., Bassin, R. H., Benjers, B. M., Kashmira, S. V. S., Hopkins, D., O'Neill, B. J. (1979) Virology 31, 741–751.

    Google Scholar 

  21. For a review, see Chandra, P., Steel, L. K., Ebener, U., Woltersdorf, M., Laube, H., Kornhuber, B., Mildner, B., Goetz, A. (1977) Pharmacol. Ther. 1, 231–287.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Summers, J., Mason, W. S. (1982) Cell 29, 403–415.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Marx, J. L. (1982) Science 217, 1021–1022.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Zuckerman, A. J. (1980) Nature 287, 483–484.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Beasley, R. P., Lin, C. C., Hwang, L. Y., Chien, C. S. (1981) Lancet 1129–1133.

  26. Aaronson, S. A. (1983) Cancer Res. 43, 1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Auld, D. A., Kawaguchi, H., Livingston, D. M., Vallee, B. L. (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 2091–2095.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Batula, N., Loeb, L. A. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 982–986.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Molling, K., Plassmann, H. W., Bolognesi, D. P., Hausen, P., Bauer, H., Busen, W. (1971) Nature New Biol. 234, 240–243.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Pitha, P. M., Pitha, J. (1978) Pharmacol. Ther. A 2, 247–260.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Fry, M., Weissbach, A. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 2678–2683.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Ross, J., Scolnick, E. M., Todaro, G. J., Aaronson, S. A. (1971) Nature New Biol. 231, 163–167.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Ting, T. C., Yang, S. S., Gallo, R. C. (1972) Nature New Biol. 236, 163–166.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Wu, A. M., Ting, R. C., Gallo, R. C. (1973) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 70, 1298–1302.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Schabel, F. M., Jr. (1975) Cancer Chemother. Rep. (Part 1) 59, 261–265.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Shannon, W. M., Schabel, Frank M., Jr. (1980) Pharmacol. Ther. 11, 263–390.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Baltimore, D. (1970) Nature 226, 1209–1211.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Temin, H. M., Mizutani, S. (1970) Nature 226, 1211–1213.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Bishop, J. M. (1980) N. Engl. J. Med. 303, 675–682.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Temin, H. M., Mizutani, S. (1970) Nature 226, 1211–1213.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Eriksson, B., Stening, G., Oberg, B. (1982) Antiviral Res. 2, 81–95.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Kiselev, L. L., Englegardt, V. A. (1979) Mol. Biol. 13, 245–266 Russian, 179–196 English.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Kit, S. (1979) Pharmacol. Ther. 4, 501–585.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Verma, I. M. (1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 473, 1–38.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Varmus, H. E. (1982) Science 216, 812–820.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Bekesi, J. G., Roboz, J. P., Zimmerman, E., Holland, J. H. (1976) Cancer Res. 36, 631–639.

    Google Scholar 

  47. As quoted in (1977) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 284, 585–590 by Jolley, W. B., Chu, W. T., Slater, J. M., Hinshaw, D. B., Rondhawa, A. S.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Shannon, W. M. (1977) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 284, 472–507.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Jolley, W. B., Chu, W. T., Slater, J. M., Hinshaw, D. B., Rondhawa, A. S. (1977) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 284, 585–590.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Khwaja, T. A., Popovic, M. R., Witkowski, J. T., Robins, R. K., Halpern, R. M., Smith, R. A. (1972) Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 13, 91.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Newman, H., Vodenlich, L., Potter, C. W. (1977) Eur. J. Cancer 13, 821–830.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Jenkins, F. J., Chen, Y. C. (1981) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 19, 364–368.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Witkowski, J. T., Robins, R. K., Sidwell, R. W., Simon, L. N. (1972) J. Med. Chem. 15, 1150–1154.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Sidwell, R. W., Huffman, J. H., Khare, G. P., Allen, L. B., Witkowski, J. T., Robins, R. K. (1972) Science 177, 705–706.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Willis, R. C., Carson, D. A., Seegmiller, J. E. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 3042–3044.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Streeter, D. G., Simon, L. N., Robins, R. K., Miller, J. P. (1974) Biochemistry 13, 4543–4549.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Zimmerman, T. P., Deeprose, R. D. (1978) Biochem. Pharmacol. 27, 709–716.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Tuominen, F. W., Kenney, F. T. (1972) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 48, 1469–1475.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Muller, W. E. G., Yamazaki, Z., Sogtrop, H. H., Zahn, R. K. (1972) Eur. J. Cancer 8, 421–428.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Schrecker, A. W., Smith, R. G., Gallo, R. C. (1974) Cancer Res. 34, 286.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Smoler, D., Mollineux, I., Baltimore, D. (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 7697–7700.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Faras, A. J., Taylor, J. M., Levinson, W. E. Goodman, W. E., Bishop, J. M. (1973) J. Mol. Biol. 79, 163–183.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Byars, N., Kidson, C. (1975) Biochemistry 14, 3159–3164.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Furmanski, P., Bourguignon, G. J., Bolles, C. S., Corombos, J. D., Das, M. R. (1980) Cancer Lett. 8, 307–315.

    Google Scholar 

  65. van der Vliet, P. C., Kwant, M. M. (1981) Biochemistry 20, 2628–2632.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Brinkley, S. A., Lewis, A., Critz, W. J., Witt, L. L., Townsend, L. B., Blakley, R. L. (1978) Biochemistry 17, 2350–2356.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Cory, J. G., Whitford, T. W., Jr. (1972) Cancer Res. 32, 1301–1306.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Elford, H. L., Freese, M., Passamani, E., Morris, H. P. (1970) J. Biol. Chem. 245, 5228–5233.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Weber, G. (1977) N. Engl. J. Med. 296, 486–493.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Weber, G., Olah, E., Lui, M. S., Kizaki, H., Tzeng, D. Y., Takeda, E. (1980) Adv. Enzyme Reg. 18, 3–26.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Weber, G., Prajda, N., Williams, J. C. (1975) Adv. Enzyme Reg. 13, 3–23.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Young, C. W., Hodas, S. (1964) Science 146, 1172–1174.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Dove, C., Paul, M. A., Rustum, Y. M. (1978) Eur. J. Cancer 14, 33–40.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Booth, B. A., Argawal, K. C., Moore, E. C., Sartorelli, A. C. (1974) Cancer Res. 34, 1308–1314.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Cory, J. G., Mansell, M. M., Whitford, T. W. Jr. (1976) Adv. Enzyme Reg. 14, 45–62.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Lewis, W. H., McNaughton, D. R., Goh, S. H., LeJohn, H. B., Wright, J. A. (1978) J. Cell. Physiol. 93, 345–352.

    Google Scholar 

  77. McNaughton, D. R., Klassen, G. R., Loewen, P. C., LeJohn, H. B. (1978) Can. J. Biochem. 56, 217–226.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Lapi, L., Cohen, S. S. (1977) Biochem. Pharmacol. 26, 71–76.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Fujioka, S., Silber, R. (1970) J. Biol. Chem. 245, 1688–1693.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Kummer, D., Kraml, F., Heitland, W., Jacob, E. (1978) Z. Krebsforsch. 91, 23–34.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Reichard, P. (1978) Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 37, 9–14.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Elford, H. L., Bonner, E. L., Kerr, B. H., Hanna, S. D., Smulson, M. (1977) Cancer Res. 37, 4389–4394.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Ullman, B., Gudas, L. J., Clift, S. M., Martin, D. W., Jr. (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 1074–1078.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Chang, C. H., Cheng, Y. C. (1980) Cancer Res. 40, 3555–3558.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Ludwig, W., Follman, H. (1978) Eur. J. Biochem. 91, 493–499.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Thelander, L., Reichard, P. (1979) Ann. Rev. Biochem. 48, 133–158.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Hunting, D., Henderson, J. F. (1982) CRC Crit. Rev. Biochem. 13, 325–348.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Chabner, B. A., Myers, C. E., Coleman, N., Johns, D. G. (1975) N. Engl. J. Med. 292, 1159–1168.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Bloch, A. A. (1973) in Drug Design, pp. 286–378, Academic Press, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Montgomery, J. A. (1982) Med. Res. Rev. 2, 271–308.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Montgomery, J. A. (1970) Prog. Med. Chem. 7, 70–103.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Bloch, A. (1975) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 255, 576–596.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Brockmann, R. W. Handbuch der Experimentellen Pharmakologie (part 1) 38, pp. 369, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

  94. Plagemann, P. G. W., Wohlhueter, R. M. (1980) Curr. Top. Membr. Transp. 14, 225–330.

    Google Scholar 

  95. LePage, G. A., Naik, S. (1975) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 225, 481–488.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Cohen, S. S., Plunkett, W. (1975) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 255, 269–286.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Plunkett, W., Lapi, L., Ortiz, P. M., Cohen, S. S. (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 73–77.

    Google Scholar 

  98. LePage, G. A., Naik, S. R., Katakkar, S. B., Khaliz, A. (1975) Cancer Res. 35, 3036–3040.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Plunkett, W., Cohen, S. S. (1975) Cancer Res. 35, 1547–1554.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Berlin, R. D., Oliver, J. M. (1975) Int. Rev. Cytol. 42, 287–336.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Hochstadt, J. (1974) Crit. Rev. Biochem. 2, 259–310.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Fleit, H., Conklyn, M., Stebbins, R. D., Silver, R. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 8889–8892.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Harms, V., Sterling, C. E. (1977) Ann. J. Physiol. 233, E47–E55.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Sirotnak, F. M., Chello, P. L., Brockman, R. W. (1979) Methods Cancer Res. 16, 381–447.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Rozengurt, E., Heppel, L. A. (1975) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 67, 1581–1588.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Broucek, J., Zavadova, J., Voma, V. (1979) Intervirology 11, 58–60.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Rozengurt, E., Heppel, L. A., Friedberg, I. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 4584–4590; Rozengurt, E., Heppel, L. A. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 708–714.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Landry, Y., Lehninger, A. L. (1976) J. Biochem. 158, 427–438.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Makan, N. R. (1978) Exp. Cell Res. 114, 417–427.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Kitagawa, T. (1980) J. Cell. Physiol. 102, 37–43.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Makan, N. R. (1979) J. Cell. Physiol. 101, 481–492.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Stillwell, W., Winter, H. C. (1974) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 56, 617–622.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Schlimme, E., Boos, K. S., Bojanovski, D., Lustorff, J. (1977) Angew. Chem. (Eng. Ed.) 16, 695–702.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Castellot, J. J., Jr., Miller, M. R., Pardee, A. B. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 351–355.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Sheridan, J. D., Finbow, M. E., Pitts, J. D. (1979) Exp. Cell. Res. 123, 111–117.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Sheridan, W. F. (1975) J. Cell. Biol. 67, A396.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Weinstein, R. S., Merk, F. B., Alroy, J. (1976) Adv. Cancer Res. 23, 23–89.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Flagg-Newton, J. L. (1980) In Vitro 16, 1043–1048.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Contreras, A., Carrasco, L. (1979) J. Virology 29, 114–122.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Carrasco, L. (1978) Nature 272, 694–699.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Fernandez-Puentes, C., Carrasco, L. (1980) Cell 20, 769–775.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Lacal, J. C., Vasquez, D., Fernandez-Sousa, J. M., Carrasco, L. (1980) J. Antibiot. 33 441–446.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Carrasco, L., Smith, A. E. (1980) Pharmacol. Ther. 9, 311–355.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Kucera, R., Paulus, H. (1982) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 214, 102–113.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Kucera, R., Paulus, H. (1982) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 214, 114–123.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Revankar, G. R., Huffman, J. H., Allen, L. B., Sidwell, R. W., Robins, R. K., Tolman, R. L. (1975) J. Med. Chem. 18, 721–726.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Cass, C. E., Tan, T. H., Selner, M. (1979) Cancer Res. 39, 1563–1569.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Baker, B. R., Sachdev, H. S. (1963) J. Pharm. Sci. 52, 933–940.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Baker, B. R., Chheda, G. (1965) J. Pharm. Sci. 54, 25–30.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Baker, B. R., Tanna, P. M. (1965) J. Pharm. Sci. 54, 845–848.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Baker, B. R., Tanna, P. M., Jackson, G. D. F. (1965) J. Pharm. Sci. 54, 987–994.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Baker, B. R., Tanna, P. M. (1965) J. Pharm. Sci. 54, 1609–1616.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Baker, B. R., Jackson, G. D. F., Chheda, G. B. (1965) J. Pharm. Sci. 54, 1617–1620.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Baker, B. R., Tanna, P. M. (1965) J. Pharm. Sci. 54, 1774–1781.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Shuman, D. A., Robins, M. J., Robins, R. K. (1970) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 92, 3434–3440.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Jaffe, J. J., McCormack, J. J., Meymerian, E. (1970) Exp. Parasitol. 28, 535–543.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Bloch, A., Coutsogeorgopoulos, C. (1971) Biochemistry 19, 4394–4398.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Mungall, W. S., Lemmen, L. J., Lemmen, K. L., Dethmers, J. K., Norling, L. L. (1978) J. Med. Chem. 21, 704–706.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Phelps, M. E., Woodman, P. S., Danenberg, P. V. (1980) J. Med. Chem. 23, 1229–1232.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Hampton, A., Sasaki, T., Paul, B. (1973) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 95, 4404–4414.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Hampton, A., Perini, F., Harper, P. J. (1973) Biochemistry 12, 1730–1736.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Margalith, M., Falk, H., Panet, A. (1982) Mol. Cell. Biochem. 43, 97–103.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Sundquist, B., Oberg, B. (1979) J. Gen. Virol. 45, 273–281.

    Google Scholar 

  144. Eriksson, B., Oberg, B., Wahren, B. (1982) Biochim, Biophys. Acta 696, 115–123.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Eriksson, B., Stening, G., Oberg, B. (1982) Antiviral Res. 2, 81–95.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Monir-Vaghefi, S. M., Robins, R. K. (unpublished results).

  147. Richardson, J. P. (1975) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Eng. 14, 445–452.

    Google Scholar 

  148. Remy, P., Dirheimer, G., Ebel, J. P. (1967) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 136, 99–107.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Remy, P., Engel, M. L., Dirheimer, G., Ebel, J. P., Revel, M. (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 48, 173–176.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Azhayev, A. V., Krayensky, A. A., Smrt, J. (1979) Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 44, 792–798.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Simoncsits, A., Tomasz, J. (1976) Tet. Lett. 3995–3998.

  152. Myers, T. C., Nakamura, K., Flesher, J. W. (1963) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85, 3292–3295.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Yount, R. G., Babcock, D., Ojala, D., Ballantyne, W. (1971) Biochemistry 10, 2484–2489.

    Google Scholar 

  154. Yount, R. G., Ojala, D., Babcock, D. (1971) Biochemistry 10, 2490–2496.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Yount, R. G. (1975) Adv. Enzymol. 43, 1–56.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Sundaralingam, M. (1969) Biopolymers 7, 821–860.

    Google Scholar 

  157. Shen, T. Y. (1970) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Eng. 9, 678–688.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Roland K. Robins
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Robins, R.K. The Potential of Nucleotide Analogs as Inhibitors of Retroviruses and Tumors. Pharm Res 1, 11–18 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016370407633

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016370407633

Keywords

Search

Navigation