Abstract
In contrast to traditional assumptions about Asian conflict management, interdependence may induce cooperative approaches to conflict rather than avoidance or competition. Findings from supervisors on 216 subcontractors in Korea, Japan, and Hong Kong support the hypotheses that interdependence leads to cooperative conflict which results in constructive conflict which in turn helps the subcontractor contribute to the main contractor. However, competitive and avoiding conflict were found to be useful in Taiwan. Results were interpreted as suggesting that the theory of cooperation and competition offers the potential for strengthening conflict management in East Asia and that cooperative conflict, rather than avoiding, may reinforce feelings of interdependence in East Asia.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Amason, A.C. (1996). “Distinguishing the Effects of Functional and Dysfunctional Conflict on Strategic Decision Making: Resolving a Paradox for top Management Teams.” Academy of Management Journal 39, 123-148.
Avolio, B.J., F.J. Yammarino, and B.M. Bass (1991). “Identifying Common Method Variance with Data Collected from a Single Source.” Journal of Management 17, 571-587.
Balzer, W.K. and L.M. Sulsky (1992). “Halo and Performance Appraisal Research: A Critical Examination.” Journal of Applied Psychology 77, 975-985.
Barker, J., D. Tjosvold, and I.R. Andrews (1988). “Conflict Approaches of Effective and Ineffective Managers: A Field Study in a Matrix Organization.” Journal of Management Studies 25, 167-178.
Bentler, P.M. and E.J.C. Wu (1995). EQS for Macintosh User's Guide. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software, Inc.
Bleeke, J. and D. Ernst (1995). “Is your Strategic Alliance Really a Sale?” Harvard Business Review (January-February), 97-105.
Bond, M.H. and P.W.H. Lee (1981). “Face Saving in Chinese Culture: A Discussion and Experimental Study of Hong Kong Students.” In A.Y.C. King and R.P.L. Lee (eds.), Social Life and Development in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, Ch. 15, pp. 289-303.
Bond, M.H. and S.H. Wang (1983). “China: Aggressive Behavior and the Problem of Maintaining Order and Harmony.” In A.P. Goldstein and M.H. Segall (eds.), Global Perspectives on Aggression. New York: Pergamon Press, pp. 58-74.
Cocroft, B.A.K. and S. Ting-Toomey (1994). “Facework in Japan and in the United States.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations 18, 469-506.
Cohen, S.G. and G.E. Ledford Jr. (1994). “The Effectiveness of Self-Managing Teams: A quasi-Experiment.” Human Relations 47, 13-43.
Cosier, R.A. (1978). “The Effects of Three Potential Aids for Making Strategic Decisions on Prediction Accuracy.” Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 22, 295-306.
Cox, T.H., S.A. Lobel, and P.L. McLeod (1991). “Effects of Ethnic Group Cultural Differences on Cooperative and Competitive Behavior on a Group Task.” Academy of Management Journal 34, 827-847.
Deutsch, M. (1973). The Resolution of Conflict. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Deutsch, M. (1980). “Fifty Years of Conflict.” In L. Festinger (ed.), Retrospections on Social Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 46-77.
Deutsch, M. (1990). “Sixty Years of Conflict.” The International Journal of Conflict Management 1, 237-263.
Earley, P.C. (1989). “Social Loafing and Collectivism: A Comparison of the United States and the People's Republic of China.” Administrative Science Quarterly 34, 565-581.
Funder, D.C. and K.M. Dobroth (1987). “Differences Between Traits: Properties Associated with Intergroup Agreement.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52, 409-418.
Goodman, P.S., R. Devadas, and T.L. Griffith-Hughson (1988). “Groups and Productivity: Analyzing the Effectiveness of Self-Managing Teams.” In J.P. Campbell and R.J. Campbell (eds.), Productivity in Organizations: New Perspectives from Industrial and Organizational Psychology. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, pp. 295-327.
Graham, J.L., D.K. Kim, C. Lin, and M. Robinson (1988). “Buyer-Seller Negotiations Around the Pacific Rim: Differences in Fundamental Exchange Processes.” Journal of Consumer Research 15, 48-54.
Gruenfeld, D.H. (1995). “Status, Ideology, and Integrative Complexity on the U.S. Supreme Court: Rethinking the Politics of Political Decision Making.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68, 5-20.
Gudykunst, W.B., S. Ting-Toomey, and E. Chua (1988). Culture and Interpersonal Communication. Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage.
Harrigan, K.R. (1988). “Joint Ventures and Competitive Strategy.” Strategic Management Journal 9, 141-158.
Ho, Y.D.F. (1998). “Interpersonal Relations and Relationship Dominance: An Analysis Based on Methodological Relationalism.” Asian Journal of Social Psychology 1, 1-16.
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work Related Values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Hofstede, G. (1993). “Cultural Constraints in Management Theories.” The Academy of Management Executive 7, 81-94.
Hwang, L.L. (1996). Conflict and Interpersonal Harmony among Chinese People: Theoretical Constructs and Empirical Studies. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, National Taiwan University (in Chinese).
Kirkbride, P.S., S.F.Y. Tang, and R.I. Westwood (1991). “Chinese Conflict Preferences and Negotiating Behaviour: Cultural Psychological Influences.” Organization Studies 12, 365-386.
Lawler, E.J. and J. Yoon (1993). “Power and the Emergence of Commitment Behavior in Negotiated Exchange.” American Sociological Review 58, 465-481.
Lawler, E.J. and J. Yoon (1995). “Structural Power and Emotional Processes in Negotiation: A social Exchange Approach.” In R.M. Kramer and D.M. Messick (eds.), Negotiation as a Social Process. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, pp. 143-165.
Lawler, E.J. and J. Yoon (1996). “Commitment in Exchange Relations: Test of a Theory of Relational Cohesion.” American Sociological Review 61, 89-108.
Leung, K. (1988). “Some Determinants of Conflict Avoidance: A Cross-National Study.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 19, 125-136.
Leung, K. (1996). The Role of Harmony in Conflict Avoidance. Paper presented in the Korean Psychological Association 50th Anniversary Conference, June, 1996, Seoul, Korea.
Leung, K. (1997). “Negotiation and Reward Allocations Across Cultures.” In P.C. Earley and M. Erez (eds.), New Perspectives on International Industrial/Organizational Psychology. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, pp. 640-675.
Leung, K. and D. Tjosvold (1998). Conflict Management in the Asia Pacific: Perspectives on Diverse Culutres. Singapore: Wiley.
Lytle, A.L., J.M. Brett, Z.I. Barnsness, C.H. Tinsely, and M. Janssens (1995). “A Paradigm for Quantitative Cross-Cultural Research in Organizational Behavior.” In B.M. Staw and L.L. Cummings (eds.), Research in Organization Behavior, Vol. 17, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, pp. 167-214.
Maier, N.R.F. (1970). Problem-Solving and Creativity in Individuals and Groups. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Mason, R.O. and I.I. Mitroff (1981). Challenging Strategic Planning Assumptions. New York: Wiley.
Morris, M.W., K.Y. Williams, K. Leung, R. Larrick, M.T. Mendoza, D. Bhatnagar, J. Li, M. Kondo, J.L. Luo, and J.C. Hu (1998). “Conflict Management Style: Accounting for Cross-National Differences.” Journal of International Business Studies 29, 729-748.
Murphy, K.R., R.A. Jako, and R.L. Anhalt (1992). “Nature and Consequences of Halo Error: A critical Analysis.” Journal of Applied Psychology 78, 218-229.
Podsakoff, P.M. and D.W. Organ (1986). “Self-Reports in Organizational Research: Problems and Prospects.” Journal of Management 12, 531-544.
Rahim, M.A. and A.A. Blum (1994). Global perspectives on organizational conflict. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Robinson, R.J. (1995). “The Conflict-Competent Organization: A Research Agenda for Emerging Organizational Challenges.” In R.M. Kramer and D.M. Messick (eds.), Negotiation as a Social Process. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. pp. 186-204.
Schweiger, D.M., W.R. Sandberg, and P.L. Rechner (1989). “Experiential Effects of Dialectical Inquiry, Devil's Advocacy, and Consensus Approaches to Strategic Decision Making.” Academy of Management Journal 32, 745-772.
Spector, P.E. (1987). “Method Variance as an Artifact in Self-Reported Affect and Perceptions at Work: Myth or Significant Problem.” Journal of Applied Psychology 72, 438-443.
Spector, P.E. (1992). “A Consideration of the Validity and Meaning of Self-Report Measures of Job Conditions.” In C.L. Cooper and I.T. Robertson (eds.), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Chichester: Wiley, pp. 123-151.
Spector, P.E., and M.T. Brannick (1995). “The Nature and Effects of Method Variance in Organizational Research.” In C.L. Cooper and I.T. Robertson (eds.), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology pp. 249-274.
Tetlock, P.E., D. Armor, and R.S. Peterson (1994). “The Slavery Debate in Antebellum America: Cognitive Style, Value Conflicts, and the Limits of Compromise.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 66, 115-126.
Thibaut, J.W. and H.H. Kelley (1969). The Social Psychology of Groups. New York: Wiley.
Thomas, K.W. (1992). “Conflict and Negotiation Processes in Organizations.” In M.D. Dunnette and L.M. Hough (eds.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 3, (Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press, pp. 651-717.
Ting-Toomey, S. (1988). “A Face Negotiation Theory.” In Y.Y. Kim and W.B. Gudykunst (eds.), Theory and Intercultural Communication. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 47-92.
Tjosvold, D. (1982). “Effects of the Approach to Controversy on Superiors' Incorporation of Subordinates' Information in Decision Making.” Journal of Applied Psychology 67, 189-193.
Tjosvold, D. (1985). “Implications of Controversy Research for Management.” Journal of Management 11, 21-37.
Tjosvold, D. (1998). “The Cooperative and Competitive Goal Approach to Conflict: Accomplishments and Challenges.” Applied Psychology: An International Review 47, 285-313.
Tjosvold, D., I.R. Andrews, and J. Struthers (1991). “Power and Interdependence in Work Groups: Views of Managers and Employees.” Group & Organization Studies 16, 285-299.
Tjosvold, D., V. Dann, and C.L. Wong (1992). “Managing Conflict Between Departments to Serve Customers.” Human Relations 45, 1035-1054.
Tjosvold, D. and D.W. Johnson (1989). “Conflict and Authority Hierarchies.” In D. Tjosvold and D.W. Johnson (eds.), Productive Conflict Management: Implications for Organizations. Minneapolis: Team Media, pp. 150-173.
Tjosvold, D., D.W. Johnson, and L. Fabrey (1980). “The Effects of Controversy and Defensiveness on Cognitive Perspective-Taking.” Psychological Reports 47, 1043-10530.
Tjosvold, D., D.W. Johnson, and J. Lerner (1981). “The Effects of Affirmation and Acceptance on Incorporation of an Opposing Opinion in Problem-Solving.” Journal of Social Psychology 114, 103-110.
Tjosvold, D., F. Lee, and C.L. Wong (1992). “Managing Conflict in a Diverse Workforce: A Chinese Perspective in North America.” Small Group Research 23, 302-32.
Tjosvold, D. and S. Sagaria (1978). “Effects of Relative Power on Cognitive Perspective-Taking.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 4, 256-259.
Tjosvold, D. and M.M. Tjosvold (1995). “Cooperation Theory, Constructive Controversy, and Effectiveness: Learning from Crises.” In R.A. Guzzo and E. Salas (eds.), Team Effectiveness and Decision Making in Organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, pp. 79-112.
Triandis, H.C. (1990). “Cross Cultural Studies of Individualism and Collectivism.” In J. J. Berman (ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 1989 37, 41-133.
Triandis, H.C., C. McCusker, and C.H. Hui (1990). “Multimethod Probes of Individualism and Collectivism.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59, 1006-1020.
Trompenaars, F. (1993). Riding the Waves of Culture. London: Economist Books.
Tse, D.K., J. Francis, and J. Walls (1994). “Cultural Differences in Conducting Intra-and Inter-Cultural Negotiations: A Sino-Canadian Comparison.” Journal of International Business Studies 24, 537-555.
Tung, R. (1982). Business negotiations with the Japanese. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Tung, R. (1991). “Handshakes Across the Sea: Cross-Cultural Negotiating for Business Success.” Organizational Dynamics 14, 30-40.
Tucker, L.R., and C. Lewis (1973). “The Reliability Coefficient for Maximum Likelihood Factor Analysis.” Psychometrika 38, 1-10.
Van de Ven, A.H., A.H. Delbecq, and R. Koening Jr. (1976). “Determinants of Coordination Modes within Organizations.” American Sociological Review 41, 322-338.
Wall, Jr. J.A. (1990). “Managers in the People's Republic of China.” Academy of Management Executive 4, 19-32.
Walton, R. (1969). Managing Conflict. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Weldon, E. and K.A. Jehn (1995). “Examining Cross-Cultural Differences In Conflict Management Behavior: A Strategy for Future Research.” The International Journal of Conflict Management 6, 387-403.
Weldon, E., K.A. Jehn, L. Doucet, X. Chen, and Z.M. Wang (1998). Conflict Management in US-Chinese Joint Ventures. Paper, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong.
Westwood, R.I. and A. Chan (1995). “The Transferability of Leadership Training in the East Asian Context.” Asia Pacific Business Review 2, 68-92.
Yamagishi, T., M. Kikuchi, and M. Kosugi (1999). “Trust, Gullibility, and Social Intelligence.” Asian Journal of Social Psychology 2, 145-161.
Yamagishi, T. and M. Yamagishi (1994). “Trust and Commitment in the United States and Japan.” Motivation and Emotion 18, 129-166.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tjosvold, D., Cho, YH., Park, HH. et al. Interdependence and Managing Conflict with Sub-Contractors in the Construction Industry in East Asia. Asia Pacific Journal of Management 18, 295–313 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010693627443
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010693627443