Skip to main content
Log in

Distributed Test Pattern Generation for Stuck-At Faults in Sequential Circuits

  • Published:
Journal of Electronic Testing Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) remains one of themost complex CAD tasks. Therefore, numerous methods were proposed tospeed up ATPG by using parallelism. In this paper, we focus onparallelizing ATPG for stuck-at faults in sequential circuits bycombining fault and search space parallelism. Fault parallelism isapplied to so-called easy-to-detect faults. The main task of thisapproach is to find a best-suited partitioning of the fault list,based on dependencies between faults. For hard-to-detect faultsleft by fault parallelism, search space partitioning is applied,integrating depth-first and breadth-first search. Since a smalltest set size is mandatory for a cheap test and fault parallelismincreases the number of test patterns, test set compaction is donein a post-processing phase. Results show that our approach is notonly capable of achieving potentially superlinear speedups, but alsoimproves test set quality. The parallel environment we use consistsof a network of 100 workstations connected via ethernet.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. H.-K.T. Ma, S. Devadas, A.R. Newton, and A. Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, “Test Generation for Sequential Circuits,” IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems CAD, Vol. 7, pp. 1081–1093, Oct. 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  2. F. Corno, P. Prinetto, M.S. Reorda, U. Gläser, and H. Vierhaus, “Improving Topological ATPG with Symbolic Techniques,” Proc. IEEE VLSI Test Symposium, 1995, pp. 338–343.

  3. D.G. Saab, Y.G. Saab, and J.A. Abraham, “Iterative [Simulation-Based Genetics + Deterministic Techniques = Complete ATPG,” Proc. IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD), Nov. 1994, pp. 40–43.

  4. E.M. Rudnick, J.H. Patel, G.S. Greenstein, and T.M. Niermann, “Sequential Circuit Test Generation in a Genetic Algorithm Framework,” Proc. ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC), June 1994, Vol. 31, pp. 698–704.

    Google Scholar 

  5. K.-T. Cheng, V.D. Agrawal, and E.S. Kuh, “A Sequential Circuit Test Generator Using Threshold-Value Simulation,” Proc. IEEE International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing (FTCS), June 1988, pp. 24–29.

  6. I. Pomeranz and S.M. Reddy, “Test Generation for Synchronous Sequential Circuits Based on Fault Extraction,” Proc. IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD), Nov. 1991, pp. 450–453.

  7. P. Banerjee, Parallel Algorithms for VLSI Computer-Aided Design, Prentice Hall, 1994.

  8. P. Goel, “An Implicit Enumeration Algorithm to Generate Tests for Combinational Logic Circuits,” IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol. 30, pp. 215–222, Mar. 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  9. H. Fujiwara and T. Shimono, “On the Acceleration of Test Generation Algorithms,” IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol. 32, pp. 1137–1144, Dec. 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  10. M.H. Schulz, E. Trischler, and T.M. Sarfert, “Socrates: AHighly Efficient Automatic Test Pattern Generation System,” IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, Vol. 7, pp. 126–137, Jan. 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  11. M.H. Schulz and E. Auth, “Essential: AnEfficient Self-Learning Test Pattern Generation Algorithm for Sequential Circuits,” Proc. IEEE International Test Conference (ITC), Aug. 1989, pp. 28–37.

  12. T. Niermann and J.H. Patel, “Hitec: A Test Generation Package for Sequential Circuits,” Proc. European Conference on Design Automation (EDAC), Feb. 1991, Vol. 2, pp. 214–218.

    Google Scholar 

  13. R. Marlett, “An Effective Test Generation System for Sequential Circuits,” Proc. ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC), June 1986, Vol. 23, pp. 250–256.

    Google Scholar 

  14. W.-T. Cheng, “The Back Algorithm for Sequential Test Generation,” Proc. IEEE International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD), Oct. 1988, pp. 66–69.

  15. T.P. Kelsey, K.K. Saluja, and S.Y. Lee, “An Efficient Algorithm for Sequential Circuit Test Generation,” IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol. 42, pp. 1361–1371, Nov. 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  16. S. Patil and P. Banerjee, “A Parallel Branch and Bound Algorithm forTest Generation,” Proc.ACM/IEEE DesignAutomation Conference (DAC), 1989, pp. 339–343.

  17. R.H. Klenke, R.D. Williams, and J.H. Aylor, “Parallel-Processing Techniques for Automatic Test Pattern Generation,” Computer, Vol. 25, pp. 71–84, Jan. 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  18. P. Agrawal, V.D. Agrawal, and J. Villoldo, “Sequential Circuit Test Generation on a Distributed System,” Proc. ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC), June 1993, pp. 107–111.

  19. H. Fujiwara and T. Inoue, “Optimal Granularity and Scheme of Parallel Test Generation in a Distributed System,” IEEE Transactions onParallel and Distributed Systems,Vol. 6, pp. 677–686, July 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  20. J. Sienicki, M.L. Bushnell, P. Agrawal, and V.D. Agrawal, “An Asynchronous Algorithm for Sequential Circuit Test Generation on a Network of Workstations,” Proc. 8th Int’l Conf. on VLSI Design, Jan. 1995, pp. 37–42.

  21. H. Date, M. Nakao, and K. Hatayama, “A Parallel Sequential Test Generation System Descartes Based on Real-Valued Logic Simulation,” Proc. IEEE Asian Test Symposium (ATS), Nov. 1995, pp. 252–258.

  22. R. Klenke, L. Kaufman, J. Aylor, R. Waxman, and P. Narayan, “Workstation Based Parallel Test Generation,” Proc. IEEE International Test Conference (ITC), Oct. 1993, pp. 419–428.

  23. S. Patil and P. Banerjee, “Fault Partitioning Issues in an Integrated Parallel Test Generation/Fault Simulation Environment,” Proc. IEEE International Test Conference (ITC), Aug. 1989, pp. 718–726.

  24. H. Fujiwara and T. Inoue, “Optimal Granularity of Test Generation in a Distributed System,” IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, Vol. 9, pp. 885–892, Aug. 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  25. S.J. Chandra and J.H. Patel, “Experimental Evaluation of Testability Measures for Test Generation,” IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, Vol. 8, pp. 93–97, Jan. 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  26. S. Patil, P. Banerjee, and J.H. Patel, “Parallel Test Generation for Sequential Circuits on General-Purpose Multiprocessors,” Proc. ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC), June 1991, pp. 155–159.

  27. B. Ramkumar and P. Banerjee, “Proper CAD: A Portable Object-Oriented Parallel Environment in VLSI CAD,” Proc. IEEE International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD), 1992, pp. 544–549.

  28. S. Arvindam, V. Kumar, V.N. Rao, and V. Singh, “AutomaticTest Pattern Generation on Parallel Processors,” Parallel Computing, pp. 1323–1342, 1991.

  29. S. Parkes, P. Banerjee, and J. Patel, “ProperHITEC: A Portable, Parallel, Object-Oriented Approach to Sequential Test Generation,” Proc. ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC), June 1994, pp. 717–721.

  30. A. Motohara, K. Nishimura, H. Fujiwara, and I. Shirakawa, “A Parallel Scheme for Test-Pattern Generation,” Proc. IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD), 1986, pp. 156–159.

  31. G.A. Kramer, “Employing Massive Parallelism in Digital ATPG Algorithms,” Proc. IEEE International Test Conference (ITC), 1983, pp. 108–114.

  32. D. Bhattacharya and P. Agrawal, “Boolean Algebraic Test Generation Using a Distributed System,” Proc. IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD), 1993, pp. 440–443.

  33. F. Corno, P. Prinetto, M. Rebaudengo, M.S. Reorda, and E. Veiluva, “A Portable ATPG Tool for Parallel and Distributed Systems,” Proc. IEEE VLSI Test Symposium, May 1995, pp. 29–34.

  34. S.T. Chakradhar, M.L. Bushnell, and V.D. Agrawal, “Toward Massively Parallel Automatic Test Generation,” IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, Vol. 9, pp. 981–994, Sept. 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  35. J. Sienicki, M. Bushnell, P. Agrawal, and V. Agrawal, “An Adaptive Distributed Algorithm for Sequential Circuit Test Generation,” Proc. European Design Automation Conference with EURO-VHDL (EURO-DAC), Sept. 1995, pp. 236–241.

  36. S.B. Akers and B. Krishnamurthy, “Test Counting: A Tool for VLSI Testing,” IEEE Design and Test of Computers, Vol. 6, pp. 58–73, Oct. 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  37. P.A. Krauss and M. Henftling, “Efficient Fault Ordering for Automatic Test Pattern Generation for Sequential Circuits,” Proc. Asian Test Symposium, Nov. 1994, pp. 113–118.

  38. M. Heap and W. Rogers, “Generating Single-Stuck-Fault Coverage from a Collapsed-Fault Set,” Computer, Vol. 22, pp. 51–58, April 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  39. F. Brglez, “On Testability Analysis of Combinational Networks,” Proc. IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), June 1984, pp. 221–225.

  40. S.B. Akers, C. Joseph, and B. Krishnamurthy, “On the Role of Independent Fault Sets in the Generation of Minimal Test Sets,” Proc. IEEE International Test Conference (ITC), Sept. 1987, pp. 1100–1107.

  41. S. Kajihara, I. Pomeranz, K. Kinoshita, and S.M. Reddy, “Cost-Effective Generation of Minimal Test Sets for Stuck-at Faults in Combinational Logic Circuits,” Proc. ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC), June 1993, pp. 102–106.

  42. R.M. Butler and E.L. Lusk, “Monitors, Messages, and Clusters: The p4 Parallel Programming System,” Parallel Computing, pp. 547–564, 1994.

  43. F. Brglez, D. Bryan, and K. Kozminski, “Combinational Profiles of Sequential Benchmark Circuits,” Proc. IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), May 1989, Vol. 3, pp. 1929–1934.

    Google Scholar 

  44. F. Brglez, ACM/SIGDA Benchmark Electronic Newsletter DAC’93 Edition, Microelectronics Center of North Carolina (MCNC), June 1993.

  45. L.H. Goldstein, “Controllability/Observability Analysis of Digital Circuits,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, Vol. 26, pp. 685–693, Sept. 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  46. V.N. Rao and V. Kumar, “On the Efficiency of Parallel Backtracking,” IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, Vol. 4, pp. 427–437, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Krauss, P.A., Ganz, A. & Antreich, K.J. Distributed Test Pattern Generation for Stuck-At Faults in Sequential Circuits. Journal of Electronic Testing 11, 227–245 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008266422380

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008266422380

Navigation