Abstract
Injudicious and indiscriminate use of toxic chemicals in tea deteriorates the plant, soil, and environment and escalates maximum residue limits (MRLs) in the end products. This requires for the adoption of safe, eco-friendly and non-chemical sustainable alternatives in tea. Beauveria bassiana is an entomopathogenic fungus that displayed high potential for controlling a wide range of tea pests, including the old looper Biston (= Buzura) suppressaria and the emerging looper Hyposidra talaca, as well as the red spider mite (Oligonychus coffeae) and the tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis theivora). The purpose of this review is to broaden our understanding of B. bassiana-mediated pest control in tea and its action mechanisms in crop protection. This fungal species is known to produce a wide variety of mycotoxins and enzymes in its spores that kill or inhibit the metabolic activity of pests. Numerous environmental and physiological factors, such as moisture, pH, humidity, temperature, atmospheric CO2 concentrations, and fungal spore load (colony forming unit/ml), spore viability, enzyme types in action, host plant chemistry and interactions, insect host species, and insect life stages, can speed up or slow down the microbial-mediated pest interaction in plants. The development of the fungus, sporulation, and multiplication within the host are all influenced by prevailing weather conditions and climate change. Studies on entomopathogen compatibility with tea agrochemicals are critical for optimal field application and adoption of suitable integrated pest management (IPM) schedules. Understanding the physiological, genetic, and molecular perspectives of entomopathogenesis and recent developments to improve mycoinfection could provide novel insights to enhance B. bassiana-mediated pest management in tea. Key steps for quality product formulations and their significance for future sustainability in tea include registering and patenting of biopesticides, mass production, and commercialisation of quality strains.
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The review uses the latest published data and research findings for its datasets and interpretation. Further, published sources and data sets are reviewed to indicate applicability and bioefficacy of non-chemical biocontrol options against toxic pesticides for insect pest management in tea.
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Abbreviations
- cAMPs:
-
Cyclic antimicrobial peptides
- EU:
-
European Union
- IGRs:
-
Insect growth regulators
- IPM:
-
Integrated pest management
- LD:
-
Lethal dose
- MRLs :
-
Maximum residue limits
- NPV:
-
Nuclear polyhedrosis virus
- NRPS:
-
Non-ribosomal peptide synthetase
- NRPS-PKS hybrids :
-
Non-ribosomal peptide synthetase-polyketide synthase hybrids
- PKS:
-
Polyketide synthase
- PPFs:
-
Plant protection formulations
- STGs:
-
Small tea growers
- SUG:
-
Sustainable use directive
- RAPD-PCR:
-
Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA-Polymerase chain reaction
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Acknowledgements
For logistics and support, the corresponding author is grateful to the principal of Nanda Nath Saikia College in Titabar, Jorhat, Assam. The corresponding author is grateful to Prof. D. K. Jha, former head and professor of the department of botany at Gauhati University, for devoting his time and energy to reviewing, correcting, and polishing the work before it was suitable for publication.
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Each of the authors is involved in formulating and executing out the research strategy. The proposal to study the effectiveness of entomopathogens in controlling tea pests was proposed and planned by PNB and SR. PNB and SR made the initial draft, research analysis, interpretation and representation of the work. Critical revisions of the article were done by PNB, SRS, and BS. LHB and BCN assisted in reference update-related activities. Every author has read and reviewed the final version of the manuscript.
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Bhattacharyya, P.N., Sarmah, S.R., Roy, S. et al. Perspectives of Beauveria bassiana, an entomopathogenic fungus for the control of insect-pests in tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]: opportunities and challenges. Int J Trop Insect Sci 43, 1–19 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-022-00932-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-022-00932-1