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Present and Future of Air Navigation: PBN Operations and Supporting Technologies

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Abstract

The present work reviews the new concept of operation that will be soon implemented in SESAR and NextGen (January 2020) using new state-of-the-art technology mainly based on onboard avionics: data link equipment, broadcast and surveillance systems, and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) area augmentation. One of the main improvements of Performance-Based Navigation (PBN) is the use of satellites and more precise and accurate onboard instruments than current standard avionics related to ground-based navigation aids (VOR, NDB, DME, etc.). Air navigation systems have been without mayor updates for nearly 40 years, when most Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range (VOR) and Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN) systems were implemented worldwide in the civil and military fields, respectively. These standard navigation systems lack new required performance navigation and required big deal of maintenance, especially in redundant systems. Recently, the development of new and precise GNSS and communication systems has allowed their use on different scenarios: Instrumental Flight Rules (IFR) departures, initial and final approaches, etc. Additionally, in several international airports, Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS) approaches have been already successfully tested and implemented. Related to GBAS, the Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) is a cooperative technology that enhances pilots and controllers’ situation awareness, since ADS-B broadcasts own and other aircraft position. Controller Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC) may be another key element of the PBN concept of operations (CONOPS), since it provides air–ground data communications for the air traffic control (ATC) service and the aircrew, reducing risks associated to human factor: poor speaking, radio congestion, message confusion, standardization, etc. The main goal of this review is to present the PBN concept and the potentially supporting Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) systems, in the context of the NextGen and SESAR Air Traffic Management (ATM) modernization programmes.

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Abbreviations

ADS:

Automatic dependent surveillance

ADS-B:

Automatic dependent surveillance broadcast

ADS-C:

Automatic dependent surveillance contract

ADS-R:

Automatic dependent surveillance rebroadcast

ATC:

Air traffic control

ATM:

Air traffic management

ATS:

Air traffic system

APV:

Approach with vertical guidance

CNS:

Communication, navigation and surveillance

CPDLC:

Controller-pilot data link communications

DCDU:

Datalink control and display unit

DME:

Distance measuring equipment

ELSO:

Equivalent lateral spacing operations

EoR:

Established on RNP

FAA:

Federal aviation administration

FANS:

Future air navigation system

FAS:

Final approach segment

FIR:

Flight information region

FIS-B:

Flight information service broadcast

FMS:

Flight management system

FTE:

Flight technical error

GBAS:

Ground based augmentation system

GNSS:

Global navigation satellite system

GLS:

GBAS landing system

GPS:

Global positioning system

ICAO:

International Civil Aviation Organization

IFR:

Instrumental flight rules

ILS:

Instrument landings system

INS:

Inertial navigation system

IRS:

Inertial reference system

LAAS:

Local area augmentation system

LNAV:

Lateral navigation

LPV:

Localizer performance with vertical guidance

LRNS:

Long-range navigation system

LTP:

Landing threshold point

MLS:

Microwave landing system

NAVAID:

Navigation aid

NDB:

Nondirectional beacon

NextGen:

Next generation air transportation system

NSE:

Navigation system error

PBN:

Performance-based navigation

PDE:

Path definition error

RAIM:

Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring

RNAV:

Area navigation

RNP:

Required navigation performance

RTSP:

Required total system performance

SBAS:

Satellite based augmentation system

SDA:

System design approval

SES:

Single European Sky

SESAR:

Single European Sky ATM Research

STAR:

Standard terminal arrival

VOR:

Very high frequency omnidirectional range

TACAN:

Tactical air navigation system

TDL:

Tactical data link

TMA:

Terminal maneuvering area/terminal control area

TBO:

Trajectory-based operation

TIS-B:

Traffic information services broadcast

TSE:

Total system error

UAT:

Universal access transceiver

VDB:

VHF data broadcast

VNAV:

Vertical navigation

WAAS:

Wide Area Augmentation System

WMS:

WAAS master station

WRS:

Wide area reference station

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Acknowledgements

This work has been partially supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades under RTI2018-098156-B-C52 grant.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Air Staff Spanish Air Force, Madrid, Spain

    Manuel López-Lago

  2. University Centre of Defence at the Spanish Air Force Academy, MDE-UPCT, C/Coronel López Peña, s/n, 30720, Santiago de la Ribera, Murcia, Spain

    José Serna

  3. Computing Systems Department, University of Castilla–La Mancha, Albacete, Spain

    Rafael Casado & Aurelio Bermúdez

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  1. Manuel López-Lago
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López-Lago, M., Serna, J., Casado, R. et al. Present and Future of Air Navigation: PBN Operations and Supporting Technologies. Int. J. Aeronaut. Space Sci. 21, 451–468 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42405-019-00216-y

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