Abstract
The Coping Expectancies Scale (CES) assesses beliefs about the effectiveness of particular coping strategies, with respect to mood regulation (i.e., whether or not a given coping strategy will make them feel better). The current research sought to develop and validate a French version of the Coping Expectancies Scale (CES-F). In Study 1, researchers translated the CES into French in a systematic way and evaluated the equivalence of the translation by administering the scale in both languages to bilingual participants. In Study 2, researchers administered the CES-F to an international sample of French speakers to evaluate its factor structure and convergent validity. The CES-F was found to contain four factors that reflect recognized dimensions of coping in the literature. Subscale scores generally correlate in expected directions with conceptually related measures. The CES-F may be useful in understanding beliefs about coping in French-speaking populations and ultimately helping individuals to cope more effectively.
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Data Availability
Data (unidentified) and other materials can be obtained by contacting the corresponding author. The CES-F can be accessed as supplemental material associated with this article.
Code Availability
Not applicable.
Notes
Using MTurk worker IDs, we determined that some individuals were giving multiple responses. These responses were excluded.
This study used attention checks or items containing instructions for participants to select a particular answer, e.g., “Choose very likely.” These items are designed to screen out participants or bots who are selecting items randomly in order to earn incentives (Yarrish et al., 2019).
This is in line with expected compensation on MTurk, as median hourly wage at the time was approximately $2 USD per hour (Hara et al., 2018).
It should be noted that these 324 participants were retained out of a total of 1348 rows of survey responses (many of which were largely blank). Further detail on the process of determining which rows provided valid data is provided below.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank Marie-Catherine Mignault, Zachary A. Reese, and Sabrina Jiminez for their translation and back-translation of the CES. These data have been presented in part at annual meetings of the Eastern Psychological Association (EPA) and the Psychonomic Society.
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Funding was provided by the Department of Psychology, McGill University, and the Center for Psychology, Goucher College.
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Dara G. Friedman-Wheeler conceived of the studies, oversaw completion of the studies, data analysis, and drafting of the manuscript, and wrote and revised much of the manuscript. Ashlyn Appelbaum and Katie Baitinger contributed to the development of the study methods and managed data. Kendall Belmont contributed to the development of the study methods, managed data, conducted data analyses, and contributed to the drafting of the manuscript. Virginia Estes managed data and conducted data analyses. Michaela C. Finley, Juliet Daisy Mitchell, Anne E. Werkheiser, and Uliana Bilash collaborated in designing Study 1, collected and managed data for Study 1, and contributed to the writing and revision of the manuscript. Laurie Groshon and Samantha Klock contributed to the development of study methods for Study 2, managed and analyzed data, and contributed to the drafting of the manuscript. Layla Murray contributed to the writing and revision of the manuscript and conducted data analyses. Esther Tulchinsky and Sophie Wiltse contributed to the development of study methods, particularly recruitment methods, in both French and English, and managed and analyzed data. Taylor Winternitz and Christina Yarrish contributed to the study design and methods, managed data, and drafted portions of the manuscript. Catherine Paré served as a translator and contributed to data analysis and to the writing and revision of the manuscript. David C. Zuroff contributed to the study design and data analysis. Ahmed Ibrahim conducted data analysis and contributed to the revision of the manuscript.
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Approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Board of McGill University (Study 1) and the Institutional Review Board of Goucher College (Studies 1 and 2). The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.
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Friedman-Wheeler, D.G., Appelbaum, A., Baitinger, K. et al. Development and Evaluation of the French Version of the Coping Expectancies Scale (CES-F). J Cogn Ther 16, 179–201 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41811-023-00158-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41811-023-00158-0