Abstract
We describe the green synthesis of Au/TiO2 nanocomposites and its photocatalytic application towards the methylene blue (MB) dye degradation. Au/TiO2 nanocomposites were green synthesis using Pilea melastomoides leaf (PML) and Tamarindus indica L. fruit (TIF) extract. The UV–visible spectroscopy exhibits an absorption peak of Au colloids at 531 nm wavelength. The reflectance properties of Au/TiO2 nanocomposites to confirm a bandgap at 400–600 nm with the value of 2.9 eV. The morphological images show the spherical-like structure of Au/TiO2 nanocomposite with an average particle size distribution of 5–10 nm. The Au/TiO2 nanocomposite exhibits excellent degradation efficiency for methylene blue (MB) dye under sodium light irradiation of 92.5% for 60 min reaction time. The electron transfer mechanism might explain the still debatable MB dye degradation mechanism in the present case. The photogenerated electrons transfer to the conduction band (CB) of TiO2 from the CB of Au under UV light exposure. This results in the creation of defect levels of Au in TiO2, lowering the CB of TiO2. These results suggest the Au/TiO2 nanocomposites were the superior photocatalyst for MB wastewater treatment.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbasi A, Keihan AH, Rahimi-Nasrabadi M, Wysokowski M, Jesionowski T, Joseph Y, Ehrlich H, Sajadi SMS (2019) Investigation of the synergic effect of silver on the photodegradation behavior of copper chromite nanostructures. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 30(15):13994–14006. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-019-01750-x
Ahmadi F, Rahimi-Nasrabadi M, Daneshmehr MA, Eghbali-Arani M (2017) Synthesis, characterization, and investigation of magnetic, photocatalytic and antibacterial properties of TbVO4 nanoparticles. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 28(19):14362–14368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-017-7296-5
Al-Radadi NS (2021) Green biosynthesis of flaxseed gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) as potent anti-cancer agent against breast cancer cells. J Saudi Chem Soc 25(6):101243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2021.101243
Alvarez-Bayona RA, Cortez-Valadez M, Martínez-Suárezc F, Cruz-Rivera JJ, Flores-Acosta M (2019) Green synthesis approximation of Au/Li nanoparticles with Opuntia ficus-indica extract. Phys E: Low-Dimens Syst Nanostructures 108:169–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2018.12.008
Amanulla AM, Sundaram R (2019) Green synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles using orange peel extract for antibacterial, cytotoxicity and humidity sensor applications. Mater Today: Proc 8:323–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.02.118
Ansari SA, Khan MM, Kalathil S, Nisar A, Lee J, Cho MH (2013) Oxygen vacancy induced band gap narrowing of ZnO nanostructure by electrochemically active biofilm. Nanoscale 5:9238–9246. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3NR02678G
Antonyraj CA, Jeong J, Kim B, Shin S, Kim S, Lee KY, Cho JK (2013) Selective oxidation of HMF to DFF using Ru/γ-alumina catalyst in moderate boiling solvents toward industrial production. J Ind Eng Chem 19(3):1056–1059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2012.12.002
Apriandanu DOB, Yulizar Y (2021) CuO-bentonite-gold nanocomposites: facile green preparation and their characterization. Mater Lett 284(1):128911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2020.128911
Asariha M, Chahardoli A, Karimi N, Gholamhosseinpour M, Khoshroo A, Nemati H, Shokoohinia Y, Fattahi A (2020) Green synthesis and structural characterization of gold nanoparticles from achillea wilhelmsii leaf infusion and in vitro evaluation. Bull Mater Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-019-2005-z
Ataabadi MR, Jamshidi M (2023) Improved photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light using acrylic nanocomposite contained silane grafted nano TiO2. J Photochem Photobiol a: Chem 443:114832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2023.114832
Basumatary B, Basumatary R, Ramchiary A, Konwar D (2022) Evaluation of Ag@TiO2/WO3 heterojunction photocatalyst for enhanced photocatalytic activity towards methylene blue degradation. Chemosphere 286:131848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131848
Chandra H, Kumari P, Bontempi E, Yadav S (2020) Medicinal plants: treasure trove for green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles and their biomedical applications. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 24:101518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101518
Clarance P, Luvankar B, Sales J, Khusro A, Agastian P, Tack JC, Al Khulaifi MM, Al-Shwaiman HA, Elgorban AM, Syed A, Kim HJ (2020) Green synthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles using endophytic fungi fusarium solani and its in-vitro anticancer and biomedical applications. Saudi J Biol Sci 27:706–712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.12.026
Das CGA, Kumar VG, Dhas TS, Karthick V, Govindaraju K, Joselin JM, Baalmurugan J (2020) Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles (biosynthesis): a short review on recent advances. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 27:101593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101593
Dette C, Osorio MAP, Kley CS, Punke P, Patrick CE, Jacobson P, Giustino F, Jung SJ, Kern K (2014) TiO2 anatase with a bandgap in the visible region. Nano Lett 14:6533–6538. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl503131s
Foo YY, Periasamy V, Kiew LV, Kumar GG, Malek SNA (2017) Curcuma mangga-mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles: characterization, stability, cytotoxicity, and blood compatibility. Nanomater 7(123):1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7060123
Fu G, Vary PS, Lin C-T (2005) Anatase TiO2 nanocomposites for antimicrobial coatings. J Phys Chem B 109:8889–8898. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0502196
Gholami A, Mousavi SB, Heris SZ, Mohammadpourfard M (2023) Highly efficient treatment of petrochemical spent caustic effluent via electro-Fenton process for COD and TOC removal: optimization and experimental. Biomass Convers Biorefin. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-03772-2
Ghorai K, Panda A, Hossain A, Bhattacharjee M, Chakraborty M, Bhattacharya SK, Bera P, Kim H, Seikh MM, Gayen A (2021) Anatase TiO2 decorated CuCr2O4 nanocomposite: a versatile photocatalyst under domestic LED light irradiation. Appl Surf Sci 568:150838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.150838
Guo Y, Jiang N, Zhang L, Yin M (2020) Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles from fritillaria cirrhosa and its anti-diabetic activity on streptozotocin induced rats. Arab J Chem 13:5096–5106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.02.009
Hatefi R, Younesi H, Mashinchian-Moradi A, Nojavan S (2021) A facile decoration of anatase Fe3O4/TiO2 nanocomposite with graphene quantum dots: synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic activity. Adv Powder Technol 32(7):2410–2422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2021.05.020
Heris SZ, Etemadi M, Mousavi SB, Mohammadpourfard M, Ramavandi B (2023) Preparation and characterization of TiO2/ZnO nanohybrid and its application in photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline in wastewater. J Photochem Photobiol a: Chem 443:114893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2023.114893
Huang B, Yang W, Wen Y, Shan B, Chen R (2014) Co3O4-modified TiO2 nanotube arrays via atomic layer deposition for improved visible-light photoelectrochemical performance. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7(1):422–431. https://doi.org/10.1021/am506392y
Islam NU, Jalil K, Shahid M, Rauf A, Muhammad N, Khan A, Shah MR, Khan MA (2019a) Green synthesis and biological activities of gold nanoparticles functionalized with salix alba. Arab J Chem 12:2914–2925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.06.025
Islam NU, Jalil K, Shahid M, Muhammad N, Rauf A (2019b) Pistacia integerrima gall extract mediated green synthesis of gold nanoparticles and their biological activities. Arab J Chem 12:2310–2319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.02.014
Javadpour R, Heris SZ, Mohammadfam Y, Mousavi SB (2022) Optimizing the heat transfer characteristics of MWCNTs and TiO2 water-based nanofluids through a novel designed pilot-scale setup. Sci Rep 12:15154. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-19196-3
Kayaci F, Vempati S, Donmez I, Biyikli N, Uyar T (2014) Role of zinc interstitials and oxygen vacancies of ZnO in photocatalysis: a bottom-up approach to control defect density. Nanoscale 6:10224–10234. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4NR01887G
Khojasteh F, Mersagh MR, Hashemipour H (2022) The influences of Ni, Ag-doped TiO2 and SnO2, Ag-doped SnO2/TiO2 nanocomposites on recombination reduction in dye synthesized solar cells. J Alloys Compd 890:161709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.161709
Korkmaz N, Ceylan Y, Hamid A, Karadag A, Bülbül AS, Aftab MN, Çevik Ö, Şeng F (2020) Biogenic silver nanoparticles synthesized via Mimusops elengi fruit extract, a study on antibiofilm, antibacterial, and anticancer activities. J Drug Delivery Sci Technol 59:101864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101864
Kubelka P, Munk F (1931) Ein Beitrag zur Optik der Farbanstriche. Z Tech Phys 12:593–601
Kurniawan TA, Mengting Z, Fu D, Yeap SK, Othman MHD, Avtar R, Outang T (2020) Functionalizing TiO2 with graphene oxide for enhancing photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) in contaminated wastewater. J Environ Manage 270:110871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110871
Kushwaha R, Chauhan R, Srivastava P, Bahadur L (2015) Synthesis and characterization of nitrogen-doped TiO2 samples and their application as thin film electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells. J Solid State Electrochem 19:507–517
Lee SJ, Jung HJ, Koutavarapu R, Lee SH, Arumugam M, Kim JH, Choi MY (2019) ZnO supported Au/Pd bimetallic nanocomposites for plasmon improved photocatalytic activity for methylene blue degradation under visible light irradiation. Appl Surf Sci 496:143665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.143665
Li H, Ang WWB, Xiong J, Zhang F, Chen W, Du J (2019) Green biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles by lilium casa blanca petals and evaluation of catalytic activity. Micro Nano Lett 14(10):1069–1074. https://doi.org/10.1049/mnl.2018.5653
Li P, Zhang X, Wang J, Xu B, Zhang X, Fan G, Zhou L, Liu X, Zhang K, Jiang W (2021) Binary CuO/TiO2 nanocomposites as high-performance catalysts for tandem hydrogenation of nitroaromatics. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 629:127383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127383
Liang M, Zhang G, Li R, Feng Y, Wang J, Hou P (2019) Green synthesis of Au–Ag alloy nanoparticles using lysimachia christinae polysaccharide and its application for reducing CO in cigarette mainstream smoke. Micro Nano Lett 14(8):865–867. https://doi.org/10.1049/mnl.2018.5594
Liu G, Yu JC, Lu GQ, Cheng HM (2011) Crystal facet engineering of semiconductor photocatalysts: motivations, advances and unique properties. Chem Commun 47:6763–6783. https://doi.org/10.1039/C1CC10665A
Mahanta U, Khandelwal M, Deshpande AS (2022) TiO2@SiO2 nanoparticles for methylene blue removal and photocatalytic degradation under natural sunlight and low-power UV light. Appl Surf Sci 576:151745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.151745
Majoumouo MS, Sharma JR, Sibuyi NRS, Tincho MB, Boyum FF, Meyer M (2020) Synthesis of biogenic gold nanoparticles, from terminalia mantaly extracts and the evaluation of their in vitro cytotoxic effects in cancer cells. Molecules 25(4469):1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194469
Mino L, Pellegrino F, Rades S, Radnik J, Hodoroaba VD, Spoto G, Maurino V, Martra G (2018) Beyond shape engineering of TiO2 nanoparticles: post-synthesis treatment dependence of surface hydration, hydroxylation, lewis acidity and photocatalytic activity of TiO2 anatase nanoparticles with dominant 001 or 101 facets. ACS Appl Nano Mater 1(9):5355–5365. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.8b01477
Mohammadinejad R, Karimi S, Iravani S, Varma RS (2016) Plant-derived nanostructures: types and applications. Green Chem 18:20–52. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5GC01403D
Mukundan D, Mohankumar R, Vasanthakumari R (2017) Comparative study of synthesized silver and gold nanoparticles using leaves extract of bauhinia tomentosa linn and their anticancer efficacy. Bull Mater Sci 40:335–344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-017-1376-2
Naghash-Hamed S, Arsalani N, Mousavi SB (2022) Facile copper ferrite/carbon quantum dot magnetic nanocomposite as an effective nanocatalyst for reduction of para-nitroaniline and ortho-nitroaniline. Nano Futures 6:048003. https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-1984/ac9a19
Naghash-Hamed S, Arsalani N, Mousavi SB (2023) Facile fabrication of CuFe2O4 coated with carbon quantum dots nanocomposite as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst toward the reduction of nitroaniline compounds for management of aquatic resources. J Photochem Photobiol a: Chem 443:114822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2023.114822
Narayanan M, Devi PG, Natarajan D, Kandasamy S, Devarayan K, Alsehli M, Elfasakhany A, Pugazhendhi A (2021) Green synthesis and characterization of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using leaf extract of Pouteria campechiana and larvicidal and pupicidal activity on Aedes aegypti. Environ Res 200:111333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111333
Pandiyan N, Murugesan B, Arumugam M, Chinnaalagu D, Samayanan S, Mahalingam S (2021) Ionic liquid mediated green synthesis of Ag-Au/Y2O3 nanoparticles using leaves extracts of Justicia adhatoda: Structural characterization and its biological applications. Adv Powder Technol 32(7):2213–2225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2021.04.030
Pankove JI (1971) Optical process in semiconductors. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey
Pragathiswaran C, Smitha C, Barabadi H, Al-Ansari MM, Al-Humaid LA, Saravanan M (2020) TiO2@ZnO nanocomposites decorated with gold nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization and their antifungal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. Inorg Chem Commun 121:108210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2020.108210
Pragathiswaran C, Smitha C, Abbubakkar BM, Govindhan P, Krishnan NA (2021) Synthesis and characterization of TiO2/ZnO–Ag nanocomposite for photocatalytic degradation of dyes and anti-microbial activity. Mater Today: Proc 45(2):3357–3364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.664
Rahmat M, Bhatti HN, Rehman A, Chaudhry H, Yameen M, Iqbal M, Al-Mijalli SH, Alwadai N, Fatima M, Abbas M (2021) Bionanocomposite of Au decorated MnO2 via in situ green synthesis route and antimicrobial activity evaluation. Arab J Chem 14(12):103415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103415
Rana A, Yadav K, Jagadevan S (2020) A comprehensive review on green synthesis of nature-inspired metal nanoparticles: mechanism, application and toxicity. J Cleaner Prod 272:122880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122880
Rangel EM, Melo CCN, Machado FM (2019) Ceramic foam decorated with ZnO for photodegradation of Rhodamine B dye Espuma cerámica decorada con ZnO para la fotodegradación del colorante Rodamina B. Bol Soc Esp Ceram Vidr 58(3):134–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bsecv.2018.10.002
Rangel EM, Riemke FC, Ücker CL, Raubach CW, Adebayo MA, Machado FM (2022) Photodegradation of acid yellow 23 BY Nb2O5 supported on eco-friendly glass foams. J Clean Prod 371:133231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133231
Saber NB, Mezni A, Alrooqi A, Altalhi T (2021) Fabrication of efficient Au@TiO2/rGO heterojunction nanocomposite: boosted photocatalytic activity under ultraviolet and visible light irradiation. J Mater Res Technol 12:2238–2246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.03.109
Sadhasivam S, Vinayagam V, Balasubramaniyan M (2020) Recent advancement in biogenic synthesis of iron nanoparticles. J Mol Struct 1217:128372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128372
Sadiq H, Sher F, Sehar S, Lima EC, Zhang S, Iqbal HMN, Zafar F, Nuhanović M (2021) Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles from Syzygium Cumini leaves extract with robust photocatalysis applications. J Mol Liq 335:116567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116567
Salamat S, Younesi H, Bahramifar N (2017) Synthesis of magnetic core-shell Fe3O4@TiO2 nanoparticles from electric arc furnace dust for photocatalytic degradation of steel mill wastewater. RSC Adv 7:19391–19405. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA01238A
Santos NM, Gomes AS, Cavalcante DGSM, Santos LF, Teixeira SR, Cabrera FC, Job AE (2019) Green synthesis of colloidal gold nanoparticles using latex from Heavea brasiliensis and evaluation of their in vitro cytotxicity and genotoxicity. IET Nanobiotechnol 13(3):307–315. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-nbt.2018.5225
Sarvari AA, Heris SZ, Mohammadpourfard M, Mousavi SB, Estellé P (2022) Numerical investigation of TiO2 and MWCNTs turbine meter oil nanofluids: flow and hydrodynamic properties. Fuel 320:123943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123943
Sekar R, Sivasamy R, Ricardo B, Manidurai P (2021) Ultrasonically synthesized TiO2/ZnS nanocomposites to improve the efficiency of dye sensitized solar cells. Mater Sci Semicond Process 132:105917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2021.105917
Sobhani E, Heris SZ, Mousavi SB (2022) The synergistic effect of intumescent fire-resistive paint containing TiO2 nanoparticles and chlorinated paraffin onto atmospheric-metallic substrates. ChemistrySelect 7(44):e202203513. https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202203513
Solaiyammal T, Murugakoothan P (2019) Green synthesis of Au and the impact of Au on the efficiency of TiO2 based dye sensitized solar cell. Mater Sci Energy Technol 2(2):171–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mset.2019.01.001
Subhapriya S, Gomathipriya P (2018) Green synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles by Trigonella foenum-graecum extract and its antimicrobial properties. Microb Pathog 116:215–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2018.01.027
Tan H, Zhang Y, Li B, Yang H, Hou H, Huang Q (2023) Preparation of TiO2-coated glass flat membrane and its photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue. Ceram Int 49(11):17236–17244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.02.089
Vijayakumar S (2019) Eco-friendly synthesis of gold nanoparticles using fruit extracts and in vitro anticancer studies. J Saudi Chem Soc 23:753–761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2018.12.002
Vijayalakshmi K, Sivaraj D (2016) Synergistic antibacterial activity of barium doped TiO2 nanoclusters synthesized by microwave processing. RSC Adv 6(12):9663–9671. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA28125C
Wei W, Yu D, Huang Q (2020) Preparation of Ag/TiO2 nanocomposites with controlled crystallization and properties as a multifunctional material for SERS and photocatalytic applications. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 243:118793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2020.118793
Xia Y, Yang H, Campbell CT (2013) Nanoparticles for catalysis. Acc Chem Res 46(8):1671–1672. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar400148q
Yang X, Fu H, Wang W, Xiong S, Han D, Deng Z, An X (2019) Enhanced solar light photocatalytic performance based on a novel Au-WO3@TiO2 ternary core-shell nanostructures. Appl Surf Sci 505:144631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.144631
Yang D, Fan R, Luo F, Chen Z, Gerson AR (2021) Facile and green fabrication of efficient Au nanoparticles catalysts using plant extract via a mesoporous silica-assisted strategy. Colloids Surf a: Physicochem Eng Asp 621:126580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126580
Yousefi F, Mousavi SB, Heris SZ, Naghash-Hamed S (2023) UV-shielding properties of a cost-effective hybrid PMMA-based thin film coatings using TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles: a comprehensive evaluation. Sci Rep 13:7116. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-34120-z
Yu J, Xu D, Guan HN, Wang C, Huang LK, Chi DF (2016) Facile one-step green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using citrus maxima aqueous extracts and its catalytic activity. Mater Lett 166:110–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2015.12.031
Yulizar Y, Ariyanta HA, Abdurrachman L (2017) Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using aqueous garlic (Allium sativum L.) extract and its interaction study with melamine. Bull Chem React Eng Catal 12(2):212–218. https://doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.12.2.770.212-218
Yulizar Y, Sudirman DOB, Apriandanu AP (2019) Wibowo, plant extract mediated synthesis of Au/TiO2 nanocomposite and its photocatalytic activity under sodium light irradiation. Compos Commun 16:50–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2019.08.006
Yulizar Y, Juliyanto S, Sudirman, Apriandanu DOB, Surya RM (2021) Novel sol-gel synthesis of CeO2 nanoparticles using Morinda citrifolia L. fruit extracts: structural and optical analysis. J Mol Struct 1231:129904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129904
Zaman MB, Poolla R, Singh P, Gudipati T (2020) Biogenic synthesis of CuO nanoparticles using Tamarindus indica L and a study of their photocatalytic and antibacterial activity. Environ Nanotechnol Monit Manag 14:100346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2020.100346
Zhang J, Zhou P, Liu J, Yu J (2014) New understanding of the difference of photocatalytic activity among anatase, rutile and brookite TiO2. Chem Phys 16:20382–20386. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CP02201G
Zhao P, El-kott A, Ahmed AE, Khames A, Zein MA (2021) Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) using Trisbulus terrestris extract: investigation of its catalytic activity in the oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides and study of its anti-acute leukemia activity. Inorg Chem Commun 131:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2021.108781
Acknowledgements
Universitas Indonesia for funding this research through PITTA grant Universitas Indonesia with contract No: 2039/UN2.R12/HKP.05.00/2016.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Saputra, I.S., Yulizar, Y., Arindra, R.P. et al. Green Decorated of Au/TiO2 Nanocomposites as Superior Photocatalyst in Methylene Blue Dye Degradation Under Sodium Light Irradiation. Int J Environ Res 18, 8 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-023-00559-1
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-023-00559-1