Introduction

The high energy photon source (HEPS) is the fourth generation of synchrotron radiation source to be established in China. The beam energy is 6 GeV, and the emittance is less than 0.1 nm·rad. High energy photon source-test facility (HEPS-TF) is the research and development stage of HEPS. Superconducting 3 W1 magnet is the first self-developed superconducting wiggler magnet in China and one of the research contents of the HEPS-TF insertion device system. The superconducting magnet power supply and quenching protection assembly (QPA) are developed for the nonlinearity of superconducting magnet inductance to output current [1]. The energy dissipation circuit of the quench protection circuit is integrated into the superconducting excitation power supply in an active protection mode. After the quench of superconductivity, the power supply is quickly turned off and the magnet is connected to the dissipation circuit through IGBT switch. And in the process of current attenuation, the voltage at both ends of the coil can be maintained at 1000 V. The power supply is divided into two parts: the power supply part and the quench protection circuit part. The power supply mainly provides a stable excitation current for the load. In order to avoid damaging the superconducting magnet, we need to use the quench protection circuit to reduce the current in the magnet to the safe value within a short time and transfer its energy to the extraction resistor for consumption. Make the superconducting magnet quickly from the superconducting state into the resistance state so as to protect the expensive superconducting magnet [2].

Superconducting magnet power supply

The superconducting 3W1 wiggler magnet power supply includes three sets of high precision DC current stabilizing power supply and three sets of quenching protection system. After receiving the quenching signal, start the protection circuit to disconnect the magnet power supply and set the current value to the initial state. The main technical specifications of superconducting magnet power supply are shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Main technical specifications of superconducting magnet power supply
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The main circuit of the power supply is divided into two stages. The first stage is the stabilized DC source, and the low-frequency voltage ripple is suppressed to 0.1%. The latter stage is the chopper for steady current output [3, 4]. The main circuit of 580 A power supply adopts the phase-shifting soft switch full-bridge conversion circuit, which is shown in Fig. 1. The 65 A power supply adopts hard switch full-bridge structure. The hard switch full-bridge conversion circuit is shown in Fig. 2 [5].

Fig. 1
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Soft switch full-bridge conversion circuit

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Fig. 2
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Hard switch full-bridge conversion circuit

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Load time constant

For any accelerator magnet power supply, its load characteristics are the basis of power closed-loop control. For the normal conducting magnet, we generally adopt proportional integral differential (PID) control as the closed-loop control algorithm, and the core design of the current loop integral time constant mainly depends on the load time constant [6, 7]. For the superconducting magnet, its load time constant is much larger the normal one.

In the design of digital PID controller, it is impossible to set the time constant of the current loop as the same as the load time constant, so it is easy to cause overshoot of the system. In high-power superconducting magnet power supply, due to the strict requirements of beam loss, it is required to accurately control the current of power supply and quickly respond to disturbance in the ramping process. Therefore, the special PID closed-loop tracking and adjusting characteristics of the independent controllable algorithm is designed to overcome the controlled object which is difficult to both track and adjust the characteristics of the shortcomings. The control block diagram is shown in Fig. 3 [8, 9].

Fig. 3
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Control algorithm block diagram

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The tracking transfer function is shown in Eq. (1):

$$\frac{W\left( k \right)}{Y\left( k \right)} = \frac{{z^{\text{ - d}} \cdot {\text{B}} \cdot {\text{T}}}}{{{\text{A}} \cdot {\text{S + R}} \cdot {\text{B}} \cdot z^{\text{ - d}} }}$$
(1)

And the regulation transfer function is shown in Eq. (2):

$$\frac{Y\left( k \right)}{E} = \frac{{{\text{A}} \cdot {\text{S}}}}{{{\text{A}} \cdot {\text{S + R}} \cdot {\text{B}} \cdot z^{\text{ - d}} }}$$
(2)

This special PID algorithm makes it possible to obtain the desired tracking behaviour (following the reference) independent of the desired regulation behaviour (rejection of a disturbance) [10].

Quench protection assembly (QPA)

Superconducting magnets are very sensitive to current fluctuations, and excessive current fluctuations can cause the superconducting coil to lose its superconductivity. This seriously affects the normal operation of superconducting magnets and even destroys them. Therefore, the stability of the output current, ripple, adjustment accuracy and dynamic response ability of the superconducting excitation power supply are strictly required. These applications require that the output current of the power supply has a high stability and can quickly realize quench protection. The maximum working current of the main coil of the superconducting 3W1 wiggler magnet is 400 A, the energy of the magnet is 288 kJ, and the inductance is 3.6 H. The energy dissipation circuit of quenching protection circuit is integrated into the superconducting excitation power supply. After quenching, the power supply is quickly turned off, and the energy dissipation circuit is connected through IGBT switch [11]. The withstand voltage of IGBT is greater than 1500 V, and the voltage at both ends of the coil can be maintained at 1000 V during the current attenuation process. The main technical specifications of the quenching protection circuit are shown in Table 2.

Table 2 Main technical specifications of the quenching protection circuit
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When the quenching protection circuit receives the fault signal from the detection circuit, the quenching protection circuit must reduce the current in the superconducting coil to a safe current value in a very short time. This process is accomplished by switching on an energy extraction resistors and connecting a crowbar circuit and cutting off the power supply at the same time through the quenching protection system. The schematic diagram of unipolar quenching protection circuit (QPA) is shown in Fig. 4.

Fig. 4
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Schematic diagram of unipolar quench protection circuit

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When the power supply receives the quenching signal, IGBT is turned off in the energy release cabinet. The energy in the coil is released through two different energy release loops, namely the quenching box and the energy release box, so as to rapidly release energy and protect the coil. At this point, SCR is closed. If the IGBT of QPA fails to be switched on in time, the back-up SCR circuit can also realize energy release. After IGBT turn off, the energy storage capacitor bank is charged to 1100 V, and then the superconducting coil energy is released through rapid conduction. The open circuit voltage of 1100 V can not only prevent the misoperation of SCR, but also ensure the timely release of energy, thus protecting the coil. The schematic diagram of the back-up SCR circuit is shown in Fig. 5.

Fig. 5
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Schematic diagram of the back-up SCR circuit

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Prototype and system test

The main coil magnet power supply part and QPA are separated in the different crates, and the correction coil power supply part and the quenching protection circuit part are in the same crate. The inner structure of the main coil magnet power supply and the quenching protection circuit is shown in Fig. 6, and the inner structure of the superconducting correction coil magnet power supply and quenching protection circuit is shown in Fig. 7.

Fig. 6
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The inner structure of superconducting main coil magnet power supply and quenching protection circuit

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Fig. 7
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The inner structure of superconducting correction coil magnet power supply and quenching protection circuit

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The upper computer can control the main circuit switch of the three power supplies through the serial port, set the output current and adjust the parameters according to the load. In order to facilitate the field operation, the touch screen function of man–machine interaction is also designed [12]. The touch screen can realize the switch of the main circuit of the power supply and the function of setting the output current and can clearly view the power supply fault information in the fault display interface [13], which is convenient for the maintenance staff. The acceptance test results are shown in Fig. 8. The energy release time is about 2000 ms.

Fig. 8
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Energy release time

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Channel 1 is the voltage change during QPA response (the yellow line). Channel 2 is the voltage change at the output (the blue line). And the output terminal voltage from 0 to − 1000 V takes about 10 ms, as shown in Fig. 9.

Fig. 9
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The output voltage is from 0 V to − 1000 V

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After receiving the quenching signal, the QPA response time of the power supply is 52 μs, as shown in Fig. 10.The power supply system meets the design requirements of magnet system.

Fig. 10
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The response time of quench protection assembly

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Conclusion

Superconducting magnet power supply is a very important power supply, which is one of the key equipments of accelerator technology in the field of basic science research. This paper introduces the design of power supply system for superconducting wiggler in the high energy photon source-test facility (HEPS-TF) and studies the main circuit topology, control algorithm, quench protection circuit and interlocking logic function of the superconducting magnet power supply with very large load time constant. All three kinds of power supply can achieve the purpose of controlling the main circuit switch of power supply, setting output current and adjusting parameters according to the load. Through a series of scientific and rigorous experiments, the rationality of superconducting wiggler magnet 3 W1 power supply technology scheme is demonstrated. The output current stability test and output voltage test of the power supply meet or even exceed the requirements of the magnet system.