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Evidence of a new geothermal prospect in the Northern-Central trans-Mexican volcanic belt: Rancho Nuevo, Guanajuato, Mexico

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Abstract

Thermal manifestations are commonly found in central Mexico as result of the volcanic activity originating from the formation of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt during the Quaternary. The Rancho Nuevo hot spring is one of them that has not been described before with a discharge temperature near 92 °C. The goal of the present study is to provide geothermal characteristics of thermal manifestations at Rancho Nuevo location based on geochemical and mineralogical results to explain deep-subsurface processes that occurred in the geothermal system. The presence of kaolinite, montmorillonite, opal, zeolite, barite, pyrite, and stibnite in altered soil sediments or around the hot springs identified by the techniques used in the present study, confirms the presence of hydrothermal activity. In addition, based on the X-ray diffraction, calcite precipitates at the surface of the thermal springs. This mineral association reflects deep geothermal processes and is eventually deposited in shallow zones. Fluid mixing processes and variations in redox conditions are suggested by mineral association and isotopic sulfur data. Finally, based on the physicochemical data provided by the water samples and the discharge conditions of the springs, stability diagrams were constructed for pyrite, barite, and zeolites using the Geochemist’s Work Bench program to corroborate these data with the mineralogical results. The mineralogical results and distribution, as well as the N-S trend of mineral associations suggest interaction processes between geothermal fluid and rocks of the stratigraphic sequence, and active major faults, enabling the upward flow of deep geothermal fluids. The approach to the conceptual model of the Rancho Nuevo geothermal prospect reveals an attractive potential for the exploration of a viable geothermal resource in central Mexico.

Resumen

En el centro de México es común encontrar manifestaciones termales como resultado de la actividad volcánica que originó la formación del Cinturón Volcánico Trans-Mexicano durante el Cuaternario. El manantial caliente de Rancho Nuevo es una de ellas el cual no ha sido descrita antes cuya temperatura de descarga es de aproximadamente 92 °C. El objetivo del presente estudio es proporcionar las características geotérmicas de las manifestaciones termales localizadas en el poblado de Rancho Nuevo, considerando los resultados geoquímicos y mineralógicos, para explicar los procesos ocurridos a profundidad en el sistema geotérmico. La presencia de caolinita, montmorillonita, ópalo, zeolita, barita, pirita y estibinita identificadas por las técnicas utilizadas, tanto en sedimentos del suelo como alrededor de las fuentes termales, confirma la presencia de actividad hidrotermal. Además, de acuerdo a los resultados de difracción de rayos X, la calcita precipita en la superficie de las fuentes termales. Esta asociación mineral refleja procesos geotérmicos profundos y finalmente es depositada en zonas poco profundas. Los procesos de mezcla de fluidos y las variaciones en las condiciones redox son sugeridas por la asociación mineral y los datos de azufre isotópico. Finalmente, con base a los datos fisicoquímicos proporcionados por las muestras de agua y las condiciones de descarga de los manantiales, se construyeron diagramas de estabilidad para pirita, barita y zeolita para corroborar estos datos con los resultados mineralógicos. Los resultados mineralógicos y su distribución, así como la tendencia N-S de las asociaciones minerales, sugieren procesos de interacción entre el fluido geotérmico y las rocas de la secuencia estratigráfica, y fallas mayores activas, que permiten el flujo ascendente de fluidos profundos. El enfoque del modelo conceptual del prospecto geotérmico Rancho Nuevo revela un potencial atractivo para la exploración de un recurso geotérmico viable en el centro de México.

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Acknowledgements

Funding was provided by the Mexican Center for Innovation in Geothermal Energy (Centro Mexicano de Innovación en Energía Geotérmica [CeMIE-Geo]): CONACyT-SENER-Energetic Sustainability Sectorial Fund (Fondo Sectorial CONACyT-SENER-Sustentabilidad Energética), grant number 207032-2013-04, “Map of geothermal provinces based on fluid geochemistry and aquifer distribution: A tool for the exploration and development of conventional geothermal resources” (Mapa de provincias geotérmicas a partir de la geoquímica de fluidos y la distribución de acuíferos: herramienta para la exploración y desarrollo de los recursos geotérmicos convencionales). The authors express their gratitude to Teresa Pi Puig (Geology Institute, UNAM) for her support in the XRD analyses and Carlos Linares López (Geophysics Institute, UNAM) for his assistance with the use of the EPMA equipment. We also thank Blanca Xóchitl Felipe Martínez for performing the ionic chromatography measurements, Ofelia Morton-Bermea and Elizabet Hernández-Álvarez for carrying out the trace element analysis by ICP-MS. The authors thank Consuelo Macías Romo for conducting the mineral separation experiments (Mineral Separation Laboratory II, Geology Institute, UNAM) and Juan Tomás Vázquez (Geosciences Institute, UNAM-Juriquilla) for making the thin sections.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Posgrado en Ciencias de La Tierra, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Del. Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, México

    J. F. A. Landa-Arreguín

  2. Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad Michoacán Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701, Residencial San José de La Huerta, 58341, Morelia, Mich., Mexico

    R. E. Villanueva-Estrada

  3. Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico

    A. A. Rodríguez-Díaz, J. I. Morales-Arredondo & R. Rocha-Miller

  4. Departament d’Enginyeria Minera I Recursos Naturals, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Bases de Manresa 61−73, 08242, Manresa, Spain

    P. Alfonso

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Landa-Arreguín, J.F.A., Villanueva-Estrada, R.E., Rodríguez-Díaz, A.A. et al. Evidence of a new geothermal prospect in the Northern-Central trans-Mexican volcanic belt: Rancho Nuevo, Guanajuato, Mexico. J Iber Geol 47, 713–732 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41513-021-00173-0

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