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Trace element fractionation in water-bearing silicic magmas

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Abstract

Crystallization of a hydrous andesite within a thermal boundary layer at 500 MPa pressure is simulated experimentally using the intrinsic thermal gradient of 10 mm length capsules in a horizontally arranged piston-cylinder apparatus. Magma solidification is programmed at two distinct cooling rates, slow (0.6 °C/h) and rapid (9.6 °C/h). Bulk laser ablation (LA-ICP-MS) analyses across the thermal gradient shed light about fractionation efficiency for trace elements at conditions of slow cooling in which, water-rich fluids favours element mobility. Compositional and textural features of our experiments provide new insights on the kinetics of trace element fractionation in water-bearing intermediate magmas. These features, together with the unrealistic diffusion values measured in the capsules (close to 10–6 cm2 s−1), indicate that incompatible elements co-migrate with a water-rich fluid phase, expelled from a crystal-rich network or mush, by gas-driven filter pressing. In the studied system, diffusive transport proceeded in the same direction of chemical elements migration by advection. It is proposed that liquid segregation is particularly effective at the thermal boundary layers created at the margins of ascent conduits and the walls of magma chambers. Fluxing of a trace element-rich fluid into the hotter, crystal-poor areas, at central and/or upper zones of magma chambers, gives rise to compositional zoning and, eventually, to the formation of silicic cupolas, which are preferential places for ore deposit generation.

Resumen

La cristalización de una andesita hidratada dentro de una capa límite térmica a 500 MPa de presión se simula experimentalmente usando el gradiente térmico intrínseco en las cápsulas de 10 mm de longitud dentro de un piston-cylinder en posición horizontal. La solidificación del magma se programó con dos tasas de enfriamiento distintas, lenta (0.6 °C/hora) y rápida (9.6 °C/hora). Los análisis con ablación láser (LA-ICP-MS) a lo largo del gradiente térmico nos dan información acerca de la eficiencia de la fraccionación en elementos traza, para un enfriamiento lento, en el que los fluidos ricos en agua favorecen la movilidad de ciertos elementos. Las características composicionales y texturales de nuestros experimentos proporcionan nuevos avances sobre la cinética de la fraccionación de los elementos traza en magmas intermedios con agua. Estas características, junto con los irreales valores de difusión medidos en las cápsulas (cercanos a 10–6 cm2s−1), indican que los elementos incompatibles migran conjuntamente con una fase fluida rica en agua, expulsada desde un entramado rico en cristales o mush, a través del efecto filtro prensa asistido por gas. En el caso aquí estudiado, el transporte difusivo impuesto por el gradiente de concentración de los elementos químicos tiene lugar en el mismo sentido que el de tipo advectivo. Se propone que la segregación del líquido es particularmente efectiva en capas límite térmicas originadas en los márgenes de los conductos de ascenso o en las paredes de las cámaras magmáticas. El flujo de un fluido rico en elementos traza hacia áreas pobres en cristales y más calientes, en las zonas centrales o superiores de las cámaras magmáticas, dan como resultado una zonación composicional y, eventualmente, a la formación de cúpulas fraccionadas, lugares preferenciales para la generación de depósitos de menas.

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge with thanks Iñaki Gil Ibarguchi and Sonia García de Madinabeitia (Universidad del País Vasco) for the help with trace element determinations. The manuscript has been benefited from a critical reading of Bruno Scaillet. This work is supported by IBERCRUST project PGC2018-096534-B-I00. C. R. is grateful to a Juan de la Cierva-Formación postdoctoral contract.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Ciencias de La Tierra, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain

    Carmen Rodríguez

  2. Geosciences Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 08028, Barcelona, Spain

    Carmen Rodríguez

  3. Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de La Tierra (IACT), CSIC–UGR, Granada, Spain

    Antonio Castro

  4. Departamento de Mineralogía Y Petrología, Universidad de Granada, Campus Univeristario de Fuentenueva, 18071, Granada, Spain

    Antonio Sánchez-Navas

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  1. Carmen Rodríguez
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Correspondence to Carmen Rodríguez.

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Rodríguez, C., Castro, A. & Sánchez-Navas, A. Trace element fractionation in water-bearing silicic magmas. J Iber Geol 47, 263–279 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41513-020-00153-w

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