Abstract
Downy mildew of onion and lettuce, caused by Peronospora destructor and Bremia lactucae, respectively, is distributed worldwide. Control of these serious diseases largely relies on oomycete fungicides including quinone-outside inhibitors (QoIs) and carboxylic acid amides (CAAs), both of which bear the risk of resistance development in pathogens. Resistance to QoI and CAA fungicides has not been confirmed in field isolates of onion and lettuce downy mildews to date, and monitoring using biological methods is challenging as both pathogens are obligate biotrophs and cannot be grown in agar culture. In this study, the RFLP-method using PCR-amplified gene fragments encoding the fungicide targets cytochrome b (cytb) and cellulose synthase 3 (CesA3) has been developed for detecting potential QoI and CAA resistance in P. destructor and B. lactucae, as this is likely to develop in the future. This method will make it possible to diagnose resistance prior to efficacy reduction of fungicides contributing to sustainable disease control.
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Acknowledgements
We thank JA Awajishima, Minami-awaji, Hyogo, Japan, and T Miyamoto, Horticultural Research Institute, Ibaraki Agricultural Centre, Kasama, Ibaraki, Japan for arranging sample collection. We are also grateful to J Speakman for his critical reading of the manuscript.
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Gerd Stammler is an employee of BASF.
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41348_2023_732_MOESM1_ESM.docx
Figure S1 Electrophoresis patterns of amplified products from the representative isolates of Peronospora destructor using the species-specific PCR primers Pd ITS 614F and Pd ITS 614R (Fujiwara et al. 2021). M, 100-bp ladder; 1, isolate H1-1; 2, isolate H1-2; 3, isolate H2-1; 4, isolate H3-1; 5, isolate H4-1; 6, isolate H5-1; 7, isolate H6-1; 8, isolate Hiro 2; 9, isolate Hiro 4; and 10, isolate Hiro 5. An arrow indicates a fragment equivalent to 204 bp in size. (DOCX 113 kb)
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Ishii, H., Stammler, G., Yamabe, S. et al. PCR–RFLP analysis for detecting potential QoI and CAA fungicide resistance in onion and lettuce downy mildews. J Plant Dis Prot 130, 985–990 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-023-00732-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-023-00732-w