Abstract
Considering the African Cup of Nations (AfCoN) as an important tourism opportunity, the present article aims to advertise Cameroon’s touristic potential by assessing the ecological conditions of 11 cities hosting matches of the competition and their respective dance patrimony. In addition to the urban thermal field variance index (UTFVI), the land surface temperature (LST) was computed. Both parameters are derived from Landsat-8 OLI images using a combined GIS-remote sensing method and spatially represented. According to the UTFVI values, the ecological conditions are at least acceptable everywhere except a thin zone in Ngaoundere where conditions are bad. Minimum values of UTFVI in those cities are respectively −0.12, −0.22, −1.05, −0.14, −0.08, −0.06, −0.50, −0.77, −0.50, −0.57 and −0.12 while maximum values are respectively 0.23, 0.29, 0.23, 0.14, 0.42, 0.11, 20, 0.35, 21, 56 and 0.14. LST range from 10 °C (in Douala with a max value of 27 °C) to 71 °C (in Foumban with a min value of 59 °C). Each city under study has a set of traditional dances that can attract potential visitors. The article contributes to the promotion of sustainability and ecotourism in Cameroon on the occasion of the 33rd AfCoN edition.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bokaie, M., Zarkesh, M. K., Arasteh, P. D., & Hosseini, A. (2016). Assessment of Urban Heat Island based on the relationship between land surface temperature and Land Use/ Land Cover in Tehran. Sustainable Cities and Society, 23, 94–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2016.03.009
Bonafoni, S., Baldinelli, G., & Verducci, P. (2017). Sustainable strategies for smart cities: Analysis of the town development effect on surface urban heat island through remote sensing methodologies. Sustainable Cities and Society, 29, 211–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2016.11.005
Kaplan, G., Avdan, U., & Avdan, Z. Y. (2018). Urban heat island analysis using the Landsat 8 satellite data: A case study in Skopje Macedonia. Proceedings, 2(358), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.3390/ecrs-2-05171
Shirani-bidabadi, N., Nasrabadi, T., Faryadi, S., Larijani, A., & Roodposhti, M. S. (2019). Evaluating the spatial distribution and the intensity of urban heat island using remote sensing, case study of Isfahan city in Iran. Sustainable Cities and Society, 45, 686–692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.12.005
Mudede, M. F., Newete, S. W., Abutaleb, K., & Nkongolo, N. (2020). Monitoring the urban environment quality in the city of Johannesburg using remote sensing data. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 171, 103969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2020.103969
Aretouyap, Z., Bisso, D., Njandjock, N. P., Yembe, S. J., & Diab, A. D. (2018). The equatorial rainforest of Central Africa between economic needs and sustainability requirements. Journal of Environmental Management, 206, 20–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.10.005
Abutaleb, K., Ngie, A., Darwish, A., Ahmed, M., Arafat, S., & Ahmed, F. (2015). Assessment of urban heat island using remotely sensed imagery over greater Cairo Egypt. Advances in Remote Sensing, 4, 35–47. https://doi.org/10.4236/ars.2015.41004
Piri, I., Moosavi, M., Taheri, A. Z., Alipur, H., Shojaei, S., & Mousavi, S. A. (2019). The spatial assessment of suitable areas for medicinal species of Astragalus (Astragalus hypsogeton Bunge) using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS). The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 22(2), 193–201.
Pink, S. (2006). The future of visual anthropology: Engaging the senses. Abingdon, Oxon: Rutledge.
Creswell, J. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Glaw, X., Inder, K., Kable, A., & Hazelton, M. (2017). Visual methodologies in qualitative research: Autophotography and photo elicitation applied to mental health research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917748215
Daniel, Y. P. (1996). Tourism dance performances authenticity and creativity. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(4), 780–797. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(96)00020-5
Ingles, P. (2001). Performing traditional dances for modern tourists in the Amazon. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 1(3–4), 143–159. https://doi.org/10.1300/J149v01n03_09
Henriques, C., & Custódio, M. J. (2008). Folk Dancing, Tourism and Identity. A Relationship in (de) construction?
Banio, A., & Malchrowicz-Mośko, E. (2019). Dance in tourism from an anthropological perspective: An introduction to the research issue. Turyzm/Tourism, 29(1), 15–21. https://doi.org/10.2478/tour-2019-0002
Teikeu, A. W., Meli’i, J. L., Njandjock, N. P., Tabod, C. T., Enyegue, A. N. F., & Aretouyap, Z. (2016). Assessment of groundwater quality in Yaounde area, Cameroon, using geostatistical and statistical approaches. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75, 21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4779-7
Maes, J., Molombe, J. M., Mertens, K., Parra, C., Poesen, J., Che, V. B., & Kervyn, M. (2019). Socio-political drivers and consequences of landslide and flood risk zonation: A case study of Limbe city, Cameroon. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 37(4), 707–731.
Carlson, T. N., & Ripley, D. A. (1997). On the relation between NDVI, fractional vegetation cover, and leaf area index. Remote Sensing of Environment, 62, 241–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(97)00104-1
Jimenez-Munoz, J. C., Sobrino, J. A., Skokovi, D., Mattar, C., & Cristobal, J. (2014). Land surface temperature retrieval methods from landsat-8 thermal infrared sensor data. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters IEEE, 11(10), 1840–1843. https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2014.2312032
United States Geological Survey (USGS) (2019). Landsat 8 (L8) Data Users Handbook - AWS. https://prd-wret.s3-us-west-.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/atoms/files/LSDS-1574_L8_Data_Users_Handbook-v5.0.pdf. (Accessed 03 Sep. 20).
Handayani, H. H., Estoque, R. C., & Murayama, Y. (2018). Estimation of built-up and green volume using geospatial techniques: A case study of Surabaya, Indonesia. Sustainable Cities and Society, 37, 581–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.10.017
Sajedi-Hosseini, F., Choubin, B., Solaimani, K., Cerda, A., & Kavian, A. (2018). Spatial prediction of soil erosion susceptibility using FANP: Application of the fuzzy DEMATEL approach. Land Degradation and Development, 29, 3092–3103. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3058
Zhao-Liang, L., Hua, W., Ning, W., Qiu, S., Sobrino, J. A., Zhengming, W., Bo-Hui, T., & Guangjian, Y. (2013). Land surface emissivity retrieval from satellite data. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 34(9–10), 3084–3127. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2012.716540
Chander, G., & Markham, B. L. (2003). Revised Landsat-5 TM radiometric calibration procedures, and post-calibration dynamic ranges. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 41(11), 2674–2677. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2003.818464
Zhang, Y. (2006). Land surface temperature retrieval from CBERS-02 IRMSS thermal infrared data and its applications in quantitative analysis of urban heat island effect. Jouranl of Remote Sensing, 10, 789–797.
Alfraihat, R., Mulugeta, G., & Gala, T.S. (2016). Ecological evaluation of urban heat island in Chicago city, USA. J. Atmos. Pollut., 4(1), 23–29. http://pubs.sciepub.com/jap/4/1/3.
Dos Santos, A. R., de Oliveira, F. S., da Silva, A. G., Gleriani, J. M., Gonçalves, W., Moreira, G. L., Silva, F. G., Branco, E. R. F., Moura, M. M., da Silva, G. R., Juvanhol, R. S., Barbosa de Souza, K., Ribeiro, C. A. A. S., Tebaldi de Queiroz, V., Costa, A. V., Lorenzon, A. S., Domingues, G. F., Marcatti, G. E., de Castro, N. L. M., … Mota, P. H. S. (2018). Spatial and temporal distribution of urban heat islands. Science of the Total Environment, 605–606, 946–956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.275
Topić, M. (2016). Dance and cultural tourism in Croatia. International Journal of Religion and Society, 5(1), 47–48.
McCleary, K. W., Weaver, P. A., & Meng, F. (2005). Dance as a tourism activity: Demographics, demand characteristics, motivation, and segmentation. Tourism Analysis, 10(3), 277–290.
Bochenek, M. (2013). Festival tourism of folk group dancers from selected countries of the world. Polish Journal of Sport & Tourism. https://doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2013-0009
Magar, D. S., Magar, R. K. S., & Chidi, C. L. (2021). Assessment of urban heat island in Kathmandu valley (1999–2017). The Geographical Journal of Nepal, 14, 1–20.
Alipur, H., Zare, M., & Shojaei, S. (2016). Assessing the degradation of vegetation of arid zones using FAO-UNIP model (case study: Kashan zone). Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 2(4), 1–6.
Ardakani, A. H. H., Shojaei, S., Siasar, H., & Ekhtesasi, M. R. (2020). Heuristic evaluation of groundwater in arid zones using remote sensing and geographic information system. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 17(2), 633–644.
Naim, M. N. H., & Kafy, A. A. (2021). Assessment of urban thermal field variance index and defining the relationship between land cover and surface temperature in Chattogram city: A remote sensing and statistical approach. Environmental Challenges, 4, 100107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021.100107
Mensah, E. (2017). Land Cover, Land Surface Temperature, and Urban Heat Island Effects in Tropical Sub-Saharan City of Accra. In: 19th International Conference on Geomatics Engineering, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. https://doi.org/10.1999/1307-6892/73804.
Nwaerema, P., Vincent, O., Amadou, C., & Morrison, A. (2019). Spatial assessment of land surface temperature and emissivity in the tropical littoral city of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 9(2), 88–103. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2019/v9i230099
Aretouyap, Z., Domra Kana, J., & Kemgang Ghomsi, F. E. (2021). Appraisal of environment quality in the capital district of Cameroon using Landsat-8 images. Sustainable Cities and Society. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.102734
Malamiri, H. R. G., Aliabad, F. A., Shojaei, S., Morad, M., & Band, S. S. (2021). A study on the use of UAV images to improve the separation accuracy of agricultural land areas. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 184, 106079.
Mbaku, J. M. (2005). Culture and customs of Cameroon. Greenwood Press.
Mahamat Abba, O. (2017). Les industries culturelles à l’ère de la décentralisation dans la région de l’Extrême-Nord Cameroun: défis et enjeux. African Humanities, 1–3, 441–459.
Caccomo, J.L., & Solonandrasana, B. (2002). Reflections around the concept of tourist attraction: analysis and taximony. Téoros, 3, 68–71.
Origet Du Cluzeau, C. (1998). Cultural tourism. Paris, Presse Universitaire de France: Paris.
Acknowledgements
The authors are very thankful to the anonymous reviewers who helped us improve the quality of this paper, to Dr. Patrick Endong (University of Dschang) and Dr. Tio Babena (University of Maroua) for proofreading and editing, and to the Editor-in-Chief, Prof. Jung-Sup Um, who diligently handled this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Aretouyap, Z., Domra Kana, J., Ghomsi, F.E.K. et al. Evaluating ecotourism assets in the Cameroonian cities hosting the 33rd edition of the Africa Cup of Nations. Spat. Inf. Res. 30, 385–397 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41324-022-00437-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41324-022-00437-6