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Ultrasound Cavitation/Microbubble Detection and Medical Applications

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Abstract

Over the past decades, different techniques have been investigated for detecting microbubbles. The purpose of this work is to review the state-of-the-art of medical microbubble detection along with therapeutic, monitoring, and diagnostic applications. The presence of microbubbles in the human body can be induced either through cavitation or exogenous introduction of bubbles. One of the effects of ultrasound is cavitation, or microbubble formation and collapse. Cavitation produces high pressures and temperatures, and microbubble expansion and then collapse close to cells can lead to cellular damage or hemorrhage in biological tissues. Cavitation is, in most cases, an undesired event in clinical diagnostic imaging. Considering that cavitation microbubble formation is largely unpredictable, ultrasound imaging may present a rare or yet unknown risk, particularly to fetuses and embryos. Although most therapeutic ultrasound modalities work based on physical and thermal effects of cavitation, the safety of treatment strongly depends on accurate knowledge of the location of the cavitation inception point. Cavitation detection is an important factor with respect to improving the safety of ultrasound imaging and therapy. It is essential to recognize the existence and location of cavitation inception points. In addition, the use of encapsulated microbubbles as contrast agents for diagnostic imaging, as vehicles for local drug or gene delivery, and as tools for microbubble and ultrasound therapy in thrombolysis has increased the demand for an accurate deep tissue microbubble detection technique. There have been many attempts to detect cavitation bubbles, but each contains its own limitations. There is no doubt that continuous discoveries and developments in microbubble detection modalities will lead to safer and more efficient therapeutic and diagnostic equipment.

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Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Reproduced from Tomita and Shima [102] with permission

Fig. 4

Reproduced from Ibsen et al. [104] with permission

Fig. 5

Reproduced from Ferrara et al. [26] with permission

Fig. 6

Reproduced from Izadifar et al. [125]

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Abbreviations

ABI:

Analyser based imaging

ACD:

Active cavitation detection

BMIT:

Biomedical imaging and therapy

CLS:

Canadian light source

DPCD:

Dual passive cavitation detection

ESR:

Electron spin resonance

ESWL:

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

HIFU:

High-intensity focused ultrasound

MI:

Medical index

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

PCD:

Passive cavitation detection

PCI:

Phase contrast imaging

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the University of Saskatchewan Dean’s scholarship program (ZI), the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grant program, and the Canada Research Chairs program (DC).

Funding

This work was supported in part by a NSERC Discovery Grant, the Canada Research Chairs Program, and the University of Saskatchewan.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A9, Canada

    Zahra Izadifar

  2. Department of Medical Imaging, University of Saskatchewan and Saskatoon Health Region, Royal University Hospital, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada

    Paul Babyn

  3. Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 3B34 Health Sciences Building, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada

    Dean Chapman

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  1. Zahra Izadifar
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ZI wrote and organized the manuscript, PB and DC read and revised the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Zahra Izadifar.

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Izadifar, Z., Babyn, P. & Chapman, D. Ultrasound Cavitation/Microbubble Detection and Medical Applications. J. Med. Biol. Eng. 39, 259–276 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40846-018-0391-0

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