Abstract
Copper slag, a waste solid produced in the copper smelting process, is a high-quality secondary resource with huge output. The recycling and utilization of copper slag is of great interest because it avoids the loss of valuable metals and the threat of harmful metals, and saves a lot of natural resources and energy. This paper firstly reviews the main methods for the recovery of valuable metals from copper slag, such as beneficiation method, pyrometallurgical approach, and hydrometallurgical process. Then, based on the physical and chemical properties of copper slag, the applications of copper slag in the field of building materials like concrete, cement, inorganic polymers, etc., and functional materials such as catalyst, glass–ceramic, slag wool, thermal energy storage material, etc., were summarized. Finally, the scientific treatment method of copper slag in future is prospected that green, economic, and environmentally friendly sustainable disposal process is the main theme.
Graphical Abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Zuo ZL, Feng Y, Dong XJ (2022) Advances in recovery of valuable metals and waste heat from copper slag. Fuel Process Technol 235:107361
Prince S, Avimanyu D, Gary W et al (2017) Recovery of metal values from copper slag and reuse of residual secondary slag. Waste Manage 70:272–281
Zhang HP, Li B, Wei YG et al (2022) Effect of MgO on physicochemical property and phase transformation in copper slag. J Market Res 18:4604–4616
Rahaman S, Rahaman M, Mise N et al (2021) Environmental arsenic exposure and its contribution to human diseases, toxicity mechanism and management. Environ Pollut 289:117940
Fatoki JO, Badmus JA (2022) Arsenic as an environmental and human health antagonist: a review of its toxicity and disease initiation. J Hazard Mater Adv 5:100052
Grzegorz I, Mikula K, Skrzypczak D et al (2021) Potential environmental pollution from copper metallurgy and methods of management. Environ Res 197(1):11105
Wang QK, Ma HW, Liu MT et al (2022) A new method of full resource utilization of copper slag. Hydrometallurgy 212:105899
Phiri TC, Singh P, Nikoloski AN (2021) The potential for copper slag waste as a resource for a circular economy: a review—Part II. Miner Eng 172(2–3):107150
Wang DW, Liang YJ, Lin Z et al (2022) Comprehensive recovery of zinc, iron and copper from copper slag by co-roasting with SO2-O2. J Market Res 19:2546–2555
Chen YW (2001) Cleaning of copper smelting slag in Chile. World Nonferrous Metal 9:56–62
Georgakopoulou M, Bassiakos Y, Philaniotou O et al (2011) A study of copper slag heaps and copper sources in the context of early bronze age aegean metal production. Archaeometry 1(53):123–145
Zhang HX (2013) Discussion on slow cooling process of copper smelting slag. China Nonferrous Metal 42(3):32–33
Wang GH (2014) Copper smelting slag slow cooling technology research and practice. Copper Eng 4:27–30
Lv XL, Zhong SP, Yin WZ et al (2017) Effect of time of slag gradual cooling oil flotation performance in a certain copper smelter. Nonferrous Metals Eng Res 38(6):1–7
Dhir RK, de Brito J, Mangabhai R et al (2017) Sustainable construction materials: copper slag. woodhead publishing series in civil and structural engineering. Amsterdam, Elsevier
Yaswanth KK, Revathy J, Gajalakshmi P (2022) Influence of copper slag on Mechanical, durability and microstructural properties of GGBS and RHA blended strain hardening geopolymer composites. Constr Build Mater 342:128042
Jaykumar S, Timir C, Rahul S et al (2022) Assessing the applicability of fine copper slag in road and structural fill application. Mater Today: Proc 62(13):7040–7043
Castillo E, Eggert R (2020) Reconciling diverging views on mineral depletion: a modified cumulative availability curve applied to copper resources. Resour Conserv Recycl 161:104896
Tian HY, Guo ZQ, Pan J et al (2021) Comprehensive review on metallurgical recycling and cleaning of copper slag. Resour Conserv Recycl 168:105366
Wang LS, Gao ZT, Tang HH et al (2022) Copper recovery from copper slags through flotation enhanced by sodium carbonate synergistic mechanical activation. J Environ Chem Eng 10(3):2213–3437
Sarrafi A, Rahmati B, Hassani HR et al (2004) Recovery of copper from reverberatory furnace slag by flotation. Miner Eng 17(3):457–459
Wang LS, Gao ZY, Yang Y et al (2021) Research progress on comprehensive recovery and utilization of copper slag. Chem Ind Eng Progress 40(10):5237–5250
Guo ZQ, Zhu DQ, Pan J et al (2016) Improving beneficiation of copper and iron from copper slag by modifying the molten copper slag. Metals 6(4):86
Lee KS, Jo SK, Shin D et al (2014) Upgrading of iron from waste copper slag by a physico-chemical separation process. J Korean Inst Resour Recycl 23(3):30–36
Huang JT, Lyu S, Han H et al (2022) Enhanced looping biomass/vapour gasification utilizing waste heat from molten copper slags. Energy 252:123962
Rozendaal A, Horn R (2013) Textural, mineralogical and chemical characteristics of copper reverb furnace smelter slag of the Okiep Copper District, South Africa. Miner Eng 52:184–190
Guo ZQ, Zhu DQ, Pan J et al (2017) Effect of Na2CO3 addition on carbothermic reduction of copper smelting slag to prepare crude Fe-Cu alloy. JOM 69(9):1688–1695
Shamsi M, Noparast M, Shafaie SZ (2015) Effect of grinding time on flotation recovery of copper smelting slags in Bardaskan district. J Min Environ 6(2):2251–8592
Roy S, Rehani S (2015) Flotation of copper sulphide from copper smelter slag using multiple collectors and their mixtures. Int J Miner Process 143:43–49
Sibanda V, Sipunga E, Danha G et al (2020) Enhancing the flotation recovery of copper minerals in smelter slags from Namibia prior to disposal. Heliyon 6(1):e03135
Fan JQ, Li HX, Wei LT et al (2017) The recovery of copper from smelting slag by flotation process. In: Wang S, Free M, Alam S, Zhang M, Taylor P (eds) Applications of process engineering principles in materials processing, energy and environmental technologies. The minerals, metals & materials series. Springer, Cham, pp 231–237
Bruckard WJ, Somerville M, Hao F (2004) The recovery of copper, by flotation, from calcium-ferrite-based slags made in continuous pilot plant smelting trials. Miner Eng 17(4):495–504
Lai XS, Huang HJ (2017) Current status of the comprehensive utilization technology of copper slag. Metal Mine 11:205–208
Deng T, Ling YH (2004) Processing of copper converter slag for metals reclamation: Part II: mineralogical study. Waste Manag Res: J Int Solid Wastes Public Clean Assoc ISWA 22(5):376–382
Meshram P, Bhagat L, Prakash U et al (2017) Organic acid leaching of base metals from copper granulated slag and evaluation of mechanism. Can Metall Q 56(2):168–178
Dimitrijevic MD, Urosevic DM, Jankovic ZD et al (2016) Recovery of copper from smelting slag by sulphation roasting and water leaching. Physicochem Probl Miner Process 52(1):409–421
Feng QC, Zhao WJ, Wen SM (2018) Surface modification of malachite with ethanediamine and its effect on sulfidization flotation. Appl Surf Sci 436(1):823–831
Li SW, Guo ZQ, Pan J et al (2021) Stepwise utilization process to recover valuable components from copper slag. Minerals 11(2):211
Shi Y, Zhu DQ, Pan J et al (2022) Investigation into the coal-based direct reduction behaviors of various vanadium titanomagnetite pellets. J Mater Res Technol 19:243–262
Pye S, Welsby D, McDowall W et al (2022) Regional uptake of direct reduction iron production using hydrogen under climate policy. Energy Clim Change 3:100087
Yao GZ, Guo Q, Li YL et al (2022) An innovation technology for recovering silver and valuable metals from hazardous zinc leaching residue through direct reduction. Miner Eng 188:107857
Sarfo P, Wyss G, Ma GJ et al (2017) Carbothermal reduction of copper smelter slag for recycling into pig iron and glass. Miner Eng 107:8–19
Li SW, Pan J, Zhu DQ et al (2019) A novel process to upgrade the copper slag by direct reduction-magnetic separation with the addition of Na2CO3 and CaO. Powder Technol 347:159–169
Zhu DQ, Xu JW, Guo ZQ et al (2020) Synergetic utilization of copper slag and ferruginous manganese ore via co-reduction followed by magnetic separation process. J Clean Prod 250:119462
Wang HY, Song SX (2020) Separation of silicon and iron in copper slag by carbothermic reduction-alkaline leaching process. J Cent South Univ 27(8):2249–2258
Zheng YX, Lv JF, Lai ZN et al (2019) Innovative methodology for separating copper and iron from Fe–Cu alloy residues by selective oxidation smelting. J Clean Prod 231:110–120
Cao HY, Wang JM, Zhang L et al (2012) Study on green enrichment and separation of copper and iron components from copper converter slag. Procedia Environ Sci 16:740–748
Fan Y, Shibata E, Iizuka A et al (2015) Crystallization behavior of copper smelter slag during molten oxidation. Metall Mater Trans B 46(5):2158–2164
Yao CL, Liu ZN, Teng Y et al (2019) Comprehensive utilization development and prospect of copper slag. Min Metall 28(2):77–81
Fan Y, Shibata E, Iizuka A et al (2014) Crystallization behaviors of copper smelter slag studied using time-temperature-transformation diagram. Mater Trans 55(6):958–963
Li QJ, Yang FX, Wang ZY et al (2019) Study on mechanism of oxidation modification of copper slag. Trans Indian Inst Met 72(12):3223–3231
Shi Y, Li B, Dai GP et al (2019) Effect of calcium borate on sedimentation of copper inclusions in copper slag. Guocheng Gongcheng Xuebao/ Chin J Process Eng 19(3):553–559
German RM, Suri P, Park SJ (2009) Review: liquid phase sintering. J Mater Sci 44(1):1–39
Li Y, Yang SH, Tang CB et al (2018) Reductive-sulfurizing smelting treatment of smelter slag for copper and cobalt recovery. J Mini Metal Sec B 54(1):73–79
Xiao WB, Yao SW, Zhou SW et al (2022) Evolution of the structure and viscosity of copper slag during metallization-reduction. J Alloy Compd 903:163751
Guo ZQ, Zhu DQ, Pan J et al (2018) Industrial tests to modify molten copper slag for improvement of copper recovery. JOM 70(4):533–538
Zhou WT, Liu X, Lyu XJ (2022) Extraction and separation of copper and iron from copper smelting slag: a review. J Clean Prod 368:133095
Debora MDO, Luis GSS, Gregory JO et al (2014) Acid leaching of a copper ore by sulphur-oxidizing microorganisms. Hydrometallurgy 147:223–227
Zhang Y, Man RL, Ni WD et al (2010) Selective leaching of base metals from copper smelter slag. Hydrometallurgy 103(1):25–29
Rashid KN, Leila IS, Aisulu KZ et al (2013) Recovery of value metals from copper smelter slag by ammonium chloride treatment. Int J Miner Process 124:145–149
Zeng T, Deng ZG, Zhang F et al (2021) Removal of arsenic from “Dirty acid” wastewater via Waelz slag and the recovery of valuable metals. Hydrometallurgy 200:105562
Huang ZL, Liu YY, Qin QW et al (2012) Study on copper extraction and iron removal from reverberatory water-quenched copper slag. Min Metal Eng 32(5):82–81
Banza AN, Gock E, Kongolo K (2002) Base metals recovery from copper smelter slag by oxidizing leaching and solvent extraction. Hydrometallurgy 67(1–3):63–69
Deng T, Ling YH (2007) Processing of copper converter slag for metal reclamation. Part I: extraction and recovery of copper and cobalt. Waste Manag Res 25(5):440–448
Ahmed IM, Nayl AA, Daoud JA (2016) Leaching and recovery of zinc and copper from brass slag by sulfuric acid. J Saudi Chem Soc 20:S280–S285
Zhang L, Fang JJ, Tang M et al (2019) Research progress of wet process of copper smelter slag. Conserv Util Miner Resour 39(3):81–87
Shi GC, Liao YL, Su BW et al (2020) Kinetics of copper extraction from copper smelting slag by pressure oxidative leaching with sulfuric acid. Sep Purif Technol 241:116699
Perederiy I, Papangelakis VG, Buarzaiga M et al (2011) Co-treatment of converter slag and pyrrhotite tailings via high pressure oxidative leaching. J Hazard Mater 194:399–406
Zhang CD, Hu B, Wang HG et al (2020) Recovery of valuable metals from copper slag. Min Metal Explor 37:1241–1251
Araceva A, Fernández F, Jerez O et al (2019) Converter slag leaching in ammonia medium/column system with subsequent crystallisation with NaSH. Hydrometallurgy 188:31–37
Figueroa-Estrada JC, Aguilar-López R, Rodríguez-Vázquez R et al (2001) Bioleaching for the extraction of metals from sulfide ores using a new chemolithoautotrophic bacterium. Biotechnol Adv 19(2):119–132
Erüst C, Akcil A, Gahan CS et al (2013) Biohydrometallurgy of secondary metal resources: a potential alternative approach for metal recovery. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 88(12):2115–2132
Kaksonen AH, Särkijärvi S, Peuraniemi E et al (2017) Metal biorecovery in acid solutions from a copper smelter slag. Hydrometallurgy 168:135–140
Brar KK, Magdouli S, Etteieb S et al (2021) Integrated bioleaching-electrometallurgy for copper recovery—A critical review. J Clean Prod 291:125257
Miganei L, Gock E, Achimovicova M et al (2017) New residue-free processing of copper slag from smelter. J Clean Prod 164:534–542
Ma LY, Wang XJ, Tao JM et al (2017) Bioleaching of the mixed oxide-sulfide copper ore by artificial indigenous and exogenous microbial community. Hydrometallurgy 169:41–46
Jarno M, Marja S, Mohammad K et al (2020) Bioleaching of cobalt from sulfide mining tailings; a mini-pilot study. Hydrometallurgy 196:105418
Kaksonen AH, Lavonen L, Kuusenaho M et al (2011) Bioleaching and recovery of metals from final slag waste of the copper smelting industry. Miner Eng 24(11):1113–1121
Behera SK, Panda SK, Mulaba-Bafubiandi A (2022) Valorization of copper smelter slag through the recovery of metal values by a synergistic bioprocess system of bio-flotation and bio-leaching. Environ Qual Manage 1:1088–1913
Karwowska E, Andrzejewska MD, Lebkowska M et al (2014) Bioleaching of metals from printed circuit boards supported with surfactant-producing bacteria. J Hazard Mater 264:203–210
Xu ZW, Zhang JG, Shan MJ et al (2014) Organosilane-functionalized graphene oxide for enhanced antifouling and mechanical properties of polyvinylidene fluoride ultrafiltration membranes. J Membr Sci 458(10):1–13
Cárdenas JP, Quatrini R, Holmes DS (2016) Genomic and metagenomic challenges and opportunities for bioleaching: a mini-review. Res Microbiol 167(7):529–538
Cecconet D, Zou SQ, Andrea GC et al (2018) Evaluation of energy consumption of treating nitrate-contaminated groundwater by bioelectrochemical systems. Sci Total Environ 636(1):881–890
Potysz A, Lens PNL, Van DVJ et al (2016) Comparison of Cu, Zn and Fe bioleaching from Cu-metallurgical slags in the presence of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans. Appl Geochem: J Int Assoc Geochem Cosmochem 68:39–52
Behera SK, Panda SK, Mulaba-Bafubiandi AF et al (2022) Valorization of copper smelter slag through the recovery of metal values by a synergistic bioprocess system of bio-flotation and bio-leaching. Environ Qual Manage. https://doi.org/10.1002/tqem.21885
You NQ, Liu YC, Gu DW et al (2020) Rheology, shrinkage and pore structure of alkali-activated slag-fly ash mortar incorporating copper slag as fine aggregate. Constr Build Mater 242:118029
Gupta N, Siddique R (2020) Durability characteristics of self-compacting concrete made with copper slag. Constr Build Mater 247:118580
Esfahani S, Zareei SA, Madhkhan M et al (2020) Mechanical and gamma-ray shielding properties and environmental benefits of concrete incorporating GGBFS and copper slag. J Build Eng 33:101615
Sharma R, Khan RA (2017) Sustainable use of copper slag in self compacting concrete containing supplementary cementitious materials. J Clean Prod 151:179–192
Wang RJ, Shi Q, Li Y et al (2021) A critical review on the use of copper slag (CS) as a substitute constituent in concrete. Constr Build Mater 292(7):123371
Zheng WK, He DY, Wang YC et al (2021) Preparation of cement-based color facing mortar by copper pyrometallurgical slag modification: efficient utilization of high-iron-content slag. J Environ Chem Eng 9(5):105888
Kaur P, Singh D, Singh T (2016) Heavy metal oxide glasses as gamma rays shielding material. Nucl Eng Des 307(1):364–376
Sim S, Jeon D, Kim DH (2021) Incorporation of copper slag in cement brick production as a radiation shielding material. Appl Radiat Isot: Incl Data Instrum Methods Use Agric Ind Med 176:109851
Shi CJ, Meyer C, Behnood A (2008) Utilization of copper slag in cement and concrete. Resour Conserv Recycl 52(10):1115–1120
Gopalakrishnana R, Nithiyananthamb S (2020) Microstructural, mechanical, and electrical properties of copper slag admixtured cement mortar. J Build Eng 31:101375
Zhang QL, Zhang BY, Feng Y et al (2022) Hydration development of blended cement paste with granulated copper slag modified with CaO and Al2O3. J Market Res 18:909–920
Sanderson P, Naidu R, Bolan N (2015) Chemical stabilisation of lead in shooting range soils with phosphate and magnesium oxide: synchrotron investigation. J Hazard Mater 299:395–403
Luo YL, Zhou XT, Luo ZQ et al (2022) A novel iron phosphate cement derived from copper smelting slag and its early age hydration mechanism. Cement Concr Compos 133:104653
Lu X, Chen B (2016) Experimental study of magnesium phosphate cements modified by metakaolin. Constr Build Mater 123:719–726
Zhang ZQ, Wang Q, Huang ZX (2022) Value-added utilization of copper slag to enhance the performance of magnesium potassium phosphate cement. Resour Conserv Recycl 180:106212
Romy SE, Elke G, Nele DB (2022) Valorization of secondary copper slag as aggregate and cement replacement in ultra-high-performance concrete. J Build Eng 54:104567
Jannie SJ, John LP, Peter D et al (2010) Chemical research and climate change as drivers in the commercial adoption of alkali activated materials. Waste Biomass Valoriz 1(1):145–155
Van Deventer JSJ, Provis JL, Duxson P (2012) Technical and commercial progress in the adoption of geopolymer cement. Miner Eng 29(1):89–104
Modha HMC, Sharma N, Singh S (2021) Alkali activated material brick. Lect Notes Civ Eng 143:131–139
Coffetti D, Crotti E, Gazzaniga G et al (2022) Pathways towards sustainable concrete. Cem Concr Res 154:106718
Duxson P, Fernández-Jiménez A, Provis JL (2007) Geopolymer technology: the current state of the art. J Mater Sci 42(9):2917–2933
Peys A, White C, Rahier H (2019) Alkali-activation of CaO-FeOx-SiO2 slag: Formation mechanism from in-situ X-ray total scattering. Cem Concr Res 122:179–188
Peys A, Douvalis AP, Hallet V et al (2019) Inorganic polymers from CaO-FeOx-SiO2 slag: the start of oxidation of Fe and the formation of a mixed valence binder. Front Mater 6:00212
Amin N, Jordi P, Maria VB et al (2016) Use of ancient copper slags in Portland cement and alkali activated cement matrices. J Environ Manage 167:115–123
Hos JP, Mccormick PG, Byrne LT (2002) Investigation of a synthetic aluminosilicate inorganic polymer. J Mater Sci 37(11):2311–2316
Garcia LI, Aparicio RE, Fernández JA et al (2016) Effect of calcium on the alkaline activation of aluminosilicate glass. Ceram Int 42(6):7697–7707
Sande JVD, Peys A, Hertel T et al (2020) Upcycling of non-ferrous metallurgy slags: identifying the most reactive slag for inorganic polymer construction materials. Resour Conserv Recycl 154:104627
Wang KT, Du LQ, Lu XS et al (2017) Preparation of drying powder inorganic polymer cement based on alkali-activated slag technology. Powder Technol 312:204–209
Giels M, Lacobescu RI, Cappuyns V et al (2019) Understanding the leaching behavior of inorganic polymers made of iron rich slags. J Clean Prod 238:117736
Mast B, Fransis S, Vandoren B (2021) Micromechanical and microstructural analysis of Fe-rich plasma slag-based inorganic polymers. Cement Concr Compos 118:103968
Liu Y, Yan CJ, Zhang ZH et al (2016) A comparative study on fly ash, geopolymer and faujasite block for Pb removal from aqueous solution. Fuel 185:181–189
Charola A, Pühringer J, Steiger M et al (2007) Gypsum: a review of its role in the deterioration of building materials. Environ Geol 52(2):339–352
Masahide HCA, Kazufumi H (2021) Preparation and evaluation of gypsum plaster composited with copper smelter slag. Clean Eng Technol 2:100084
Pedreo RMA, Rodríguez LC, Flores-colen I et al (2020) Use of polycarbonate waste as aggregate in recycled gypsum plasters. Materials 13(14):3042
Ramos A, Quesada DM, Novoa RB et al (2018) The use of copper slags as an aggregate replacement in asphalt mixes with RAP: physical–chemical and mechanical behavioural analysis. Constr Build Mater 190:427–438
Raposeiras AC, Vargas CA, Movilla QD et al (2016) Effect of copper slag addition on mechanical behavior of asphalt mixes containing reclaimed asphalt pavement. Constr Build Mater 119:268–276
Ziari H, Moniri A, Imaninasab R et al (2019) Effect of copper slag on performance of warm mix asphalt. Int J Pavement Eng 20(7–8):775–781
Jayvant C, Brind K, Ankit G (2018) Application of waste materials as fillers in bituminous mixes. Waste Manage 78:417–425
Modarres A, Bengar PA (2019) Investigating the indirect tensile stiffness, toughness and fatigue life of hot mix asphalt containing copper slag powder. Int J Pavement Eng 20(7–8):977–985
Muoz CO, Raposeiras AC, Movilla QD et al (2021) Mechanical performance of sustainable asphalt mixtures manufactured with copper slag and high percentages of reclaimed asphalt pavement. Constr Build Mater 304(8):124653
Pundhir N, Kamaraj C, Nanda PK (2005) Use of copper slag as construction material in bituminous pavements. J Sci Ind Res 64(12):997–1002
Abdelfattah Khalid AS, Khalid AJ (2018) Evaluation of rutting potential for asphalt concrete mixes containing copper slag. Int J Pavement Eng 19(7):630–640
Aitor CR, Diana MQ, Osvaldo MC et al (2021) Production of asphalt mixes with copper industry wastes: use of copper slag as raw material replacement. J Environ Manage 293:112867
Luo ZH, He F, Zhang WT et al (2020) Effects of fluoride content on structure and properties of steel slag glass-ceramics. Mater Chem Phys 242:122531
Dai WB, Li Y, Cang DQ et al (2014) BOF slag glass-ceramics prepared in different atmospheres from parents glasses with various reduction degree. ISIJ Int 54(12):2672–2677
Okada YK (2004) Preparation and properties of glass-ceramics from wastes (Kira) of silica sand and kaolin clay refining. J Eur Ceram Soc 24(8):2367–2372
Lin Q, Yang ZH, Xie HJ et al (2012) Research on preperation of glass ceramics with copper slag. Bull Chin Ceram Soc 31(5):1204–1207
Yang G, Yang H, Guo X (2010) Effect of mass ratio of CaO to MgO on crystallization of CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 glass-ceramics. J Chin Ceram Soc 38(11):2045–2049
Li L, Hu JH, Wang H (2011) Study on smelting reduction ironmaking of copper slag. Chin J Process Eng 11(1):65–71
Zhou XH, Li B, Zhang SR et al (2009) Effect of Ca/Si ratio on the microstructures and properties of CaO–B2O3–SiO2 glass-ceramics. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 20(3):262–266
Yang ZH, Lin Q, Lu SC et al (2014) Effect of CaO/SiO2 ratio on the preparation and crystallization of glass-ceramics from copper slag. Ceram Int 40(5):7297–7305
Zhao SZ, Wen Q, Zhang XY (2021) Migration, transformation and solidification/stabilization mechanisms of heavy metals in glass-ceramics made from MSWI fly ash and pickling sludge. Ceram Int 47(15):21559–21609
Lu X, Li Y, Ma S et al (2016) Thermal equilibrium analysis and experiment of molten slag modification by use of its sensible heat. Chin J Eng 38(10):1386–1392
Dai WB, Li Y, Cang DQ et al (2018) Research on a novel modifying furnace for converting hot slag directly into glass-ceramics. J Clean Prod 172:169–177
Li HX, Li BW, Deng LB et al (2019) Evidence for non-thermal microwave effect in processing of tailing-based glass-ceramics. J Eur Ceram Soc 39(4):1389–1396
Zhang M, Wang WJ, Yuan TC (2022) Densification and grain growth kinetics of boron carbide powder during ultrahigh temperature spark plasma sintering. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China 32(6):1948–1960
Li ZJ, Xing HW (2019) Review of slag wool and cotton board prepared by quenched slag. Multipurp Util Miner Resour 2:26–29
Wu L, Hao YD (2015) The investigation of utilization status of copper slag resources and efficient utilization. China Nonferrous Metal 44(2):61–64
Xiao YL, Liu Y, Li YQ (2011) Status and development of mineral wool made from molten blast furnace slag. Baosteel Tech Res 2:3–8
Chen ZW, Wang H, Wang MH et al (2022) Investigation of cooling processes of molten slags to develop multilevel control method for cleaner production in mineral wool. J Clean Prod 339:130548
Momber AW, Marquardt T (2016) Statistical investigations into the flow of copper slag abrasive particles through a blast-cleaning metering system. Powder Technol 301:179–185
Subramani KC, Vasudevan A, Karthik K et al (2022) Insights of abrasive water jet polishing process characteristics and its advancements. Mater Today: Proc 52(3):1113–1120
Holt WS (2001) How nozzle pressure and feed rate affect the productivity of dry abrasive blasting. J Prot Coat Linings 18(10):82–104
Kambham K, Sangameswaran S, Datar SR et al (2007) Copper slag: optimization of productivity and consumption for cleaner production in dry abrasive blasting. J Clean Prod 15(5):465–473
Jacob RC, Sergeev D, Müller M (2022) Valorisation of waste materials for high temperature thermal storage: a review. J Energy Storage 47:103645
Navarro ME, Martí NM, Gil A et al (2012) Selection and characterization of recycled materials for sensible thermal energy storage. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 107:131–135
Gutierrez A, Miró L, Gil A et al (2016) Advances in the valorization of waste and by-product materials as thermal energy storage (TES) materials. Renew Sust Energy Rev 59:763–783
Iain A, Smellie CA, Yusra A et al (2020) A simplified extractive metallurgy exercise to demonstrate selective extraction of copper. J Chem Educ 97(4):1203–1207
Agalit H, Zari N, Maaroufi M (2017) Thermophysical and chemical characterization of induction furnace slags for high temperature thermal energy storage in solar tower plants. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 172:168–176
Jemmal Y, Zari N, Asbik M et al (2020) Experimental characterization and thermal performance comparison of six Moroccan rocks used as filler materials in a packed bed storage system. J Energy Storage 30:101513
Kuravi S, Trahan J, Goswami DY et al (2013) Thermal energy storage technologies and systems for concentrating solar power plants. Prog Energy Combust Sci 39(4):285–319
Fuentes I, Ulloa C, Jiménez R et al (2020) The reduction of Fe-bearing copper slag for its use as a catalyst in carbon oxide hydrogenation to methane. A contribution to sustainable catalysis. J Hazard Mater 387:121693
Li HL, Zhang WL, Wang J et al (2018) Copper slag as a catalyst for mercury oxidation in coal combustion flue gas. Waste Manage 74:253–259
Xu HB, Liu HL, Li A et al (2016) Experiment and thermodynamic analysis of the sawdust catalytic gasification with copper slag. Chem Ind Eng Prog 10:3142–3148
Deng N, Liu T, He GS et al (2022) Optimization of waste paper’s catalytic cracking to liquid fuel using copper slag as the catalyst based on response surface methodology. J Anal Appl Pyrol 162:105463
Acknowledgements
The authors express the sincere appreciation to the National Natural Science Foundation of China for the financial support (Project No. 21978122 and 21566017).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
This article has not been published elsewhere in whole or in part. All authors have read and approved the content, and agree to submit for consideration for publication in the journal. There are no any ethical/legal conflicts involved in the article.
Additional information
The contributing editor for this article was Veena Sahajwalla.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Li, J., Liao, Y., Ma, H. et al. Review on Comprehensive Recovery Valuable Metals and Utilization of Copper Slag. J. Sustain. Metall. 9, 439–458 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-023-00663-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-023-00663-8