Abstract
In this research, seismic hazard assessment of the Hajiabad tunnel site in the Hormozgan province, southern Iran, have been determined using deterministic and probabilistic seismic hazard analyses models, and the obtained results have been detailly analyzed and discussed. For this purpose, active seismic sources and faults in a radius of 100 km of the tunnel site have been identified, and their characteristics such as orientation and their distances from the site were determined. Then, the maximum credible earthquake and peak ground acceleration due to the activity of the faults have been calculated using the above-mentioned approaches. Finally, the maximum horizontal and vertical ground accelerations in a 50-year time period for different levels of seismic design have been calculated using the reduction relations for the input, middle, and output sections of the tunnel. In the studied site, there is possibility to occur earthquakes with magnitude higher than 4 in Richter scale, which can cause a maximum ground acceleration of 0.3 g. The annual occurrence probability of the earthquakes greater than 4, 5, 6, and 7 Richter in a 111-year time period are 1.495, 0.360, 0.081, and 0, respectively. Thus, their return periods are 0.669, 2.775, 12.333%, and ∞ years, respectively.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abrahamson NA, Silva WJ, Kamai R (2014) Summary of the ASK14 ground motion relation for active crustal regions. Earthq Spectra 30(3):1025–1055
Aghanbati A (2004) Geology of Iran. Geology survey and mineral explorations of Iran
Akkar S, Bommer JJ (2010) Empirical equations for the prediction of PGA, PGV and spectral accelerations in Europe. The Mediterranean region and the Middle East. Seismol Res Lett 81:195–206
Alavi M (1994) Tectonics of Zagros Orogenic Belt of Iran. New data and interpretation. Tectonophysics 229:211–238
Ambraseys NN, Melville CP (1982) A history of Persian earthquakes Cambridge Earth. Sci Ser
Ambraseys NN, Jackson JA (1998) Faulting associated with historical and recent earthquakes in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Geophys J Int 133(2):390–406
Ambraseys NN, Douglas J, Sarma SK, Smit PM (2005) Equations for the estimation of strong ground motions from shallow crustal earthquakes using data from Europe and the Middle East: horizontal peak ground acceleration and spectral acceleration. Bull Earthq Eng 3(1):1–53
Atkinson GM (2008) Ground-motion prediction equations for eastern North America from a referenced empirical approach: implications for epistemic uncertainty. Bull Seismol Soc Am 98(3):304–1318
Bargi K (2000) Fundamentals of earthquake engineering. University of Tehran Press, Tehran
Berberian M (1981) Active faulting and tectonics of Iran. In: Gupta HK, Delany FM (eds) Zagros-Hindu Kush-Himalaya geodynamic evolution. American Geophysics Union. J Geosci Environ Prot 33–69
Berberian M (1995) Master “blind” thrust faults hidden under the Zagros folds: active basement tectonics and surface morphotectonics. Tectonophysics 241(3–4):193–224
Bindi D, Pacor F, Luzi L, Puglia R, Massa M, Ameri G, Paolucci R (2011) Ground motion prediction equations derived from the Italian strong motion data base. Bull Earth Eng 1899–1920
Boore D, Atkinson G (2008) Ground-motion prediction equations for the average horizontal component of PGA, PGV, and 5% damped PSA at spectral periods between 0.01 s and 10.0 s. Published 1
Boore DM, Stewart JP, Seyhan E, Atkinson GM (2014) NGA—west 2 equations for predicting PGA, PGV, and 5%-damped PSA for shallow crustal earthquakes. Earthq Spectra 30(3):1057–1085
Burchfiel BC, Wang E (2003) Northwest-trending middle Cenozoic, left-lateral faults in southern Yannan China and their tectonic significance. J Struct Geol 25(5):781–792
Campbell KW, Bozorgnia Y (2003) Updated near-source ground-motion (attenuation) relations for the horizontal and vertical components of peak ground acceleration and acceleration response spectra. Bull Seismol Soc Am 93:314–331
Campbell KW, Bozorgnia Y (2014) NGA-West2 ground motion model for the average horizontal components of PGA, PGV, and 5% damped linear acceleration response spectra. Earthq Spectra 30(3):1087–1115
Darvishzadeh A (2010) Geology of Iran, 4th edn. Amirkabir Publishing Institute
Derakhshani A, Saberi A (2019) Derivation of new equations for estimation of earthquake induced peak ground acceleration and velocity. J Ferdowsi Civ Eng 31:6–8
Gutenberg R, Richter CF (1944) Frequency of earthquakes in California. Bull Seismol Soc Am 34:185–188
Irinyemi SA, Lombardi D, Ahmad SM (2022) Seismic hazard assessment for Guinea, West Africa. Sci Rep 12(1):1–12
Jackson JA, McKenzie DP (1984) Active tectonics of the Alpine-Himalayan belt between western Turkey and Pakistan. Geophys J R Astron 77:185–264
Kaklamanos J, Baise LG, Boore DM (2011) Estimating unknown input parameters when implementing the NGA ground-motion prediction equations in engineering practice. Earthq Spectra 27(4):1219–1235
Kangi A, Pourkermani M, Mirzai S (2011) The role of fractures on seismic instability of west wall of the copper mine Sarchashmeh. J Geotech Geol 63–76
Kiani M, Sadidkhoi A (2013) Seismic hazard estimation of southern Central Iran and southeastern Zagros. In: The 17th conference of geological society of the Iran, pp 54–63
Margan B (2018) Evaluating the engineering geological characteristics of Hajiabad tunnel site in Hormozgan province. M.Sc. thesis in engineering geology, School of Earth Sciences, Damghan University, Damghan, Semnan, Iran
Mohajer Ashjai A, Nowroozi AA (1978) Observed and probable intensity zoning of Iran. Tectophysics 49:249–260
Mohanty W, Walling Y (2008) Seismic hazard in mega city Kolkata, India. Nat Hazards 47:39–54
Mousavi H, Mirzaei N, Shabani E, Eskandari Ghadi M (2014) Seismic hazard zoning in Iran and estimating peak ground acceleration in provincial capitals. J Earth Space Phys 40(4):15–38
Nath SK, Thingbaijam KKS (2012) Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment of India. Seismol Res Lett 83(1):135–149
Ni J, Barzangi M (1986) Seismotectonic of the Zagros continental collisions zone and comparison with the Himalayas. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 91(8):8205–8218
Nowroozi A (1985) Empirical relations between magnitude and fault parameters for earthquakes in Iran. BSSA 75(5):1327–1338
Park S, Hong TK, Rah G (2021) Seismic hazard assessment for the Korean Peninsula. Bull Seismol Soc Am 111(5):2696–2719
Sabetta F, Pugliese A (1996) Estimation of response spectra and simulation of nonstationary earthquake ground motions. Bull Seismol Soc Am 86(2):337–352
Sigtryggsdóttir FG, Snaebjornsson JT (2019) Geological challenges and geohazard monitoring of a mega engineering hydropower project in Iceland. Háskólinn í Reykjavík Reykjavik University 1–17
Sinaeian F, Zare M, Fukushima Y (2007) A study on the empirical PGA attenuation relationship in Iran. In: 5th international conference on seismology and earthquake engineering, Tehran, pp 8–16
Stevens VL, Shrestha SN, Maharjan DK (2018) Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment of Nepal. Bull Seismol Soc Am 108(6):3488–3510
Wan S, Werner MJ, Yu R (2022) How well does Poissonian probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) approximate the simulated hazard of epidemic-type earthquake sequences? Bull Seismol Soc Am 112(1):508–526
Wang YJ, Chan CH, Lee YT, Ma KF, Shyu JBH, Rau RJ, Cheng CT (2016) Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for Taiwan. Terr Atmos Ocean Sci 27(3):325–340
Wells DL, Coppersmith KJ (1994) New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement. Bull Seismol Soc Am 84(4):974–1002
Yuceme MS, Selcuk A (2000) Reliability of lifeline networks with multiple sources under seismic hazard, vol 21. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, pp 1–18
Zhang Y, Romanelli F, Vaccari F, Peresan A, Jiang C, Wu Z, Panza GF (2021) Seismic hazard maps based on Neo-deterministic seismic hazard assessment for China seismic experimental site and adjacent areas. Eng Geol 291:106208
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no funding, conflicts of interests or competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Margan, B., Fereidooni, D. & Diamantis, K. Seismic hazard assessment of the Hajiabad tunnel site, south of Iran, as determined from deterministic and probabilistic analysis approaches. Model. Earth Syst. Environ. 8, 4401–4415 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-022-01436-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-022-01436-0