Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Deflection Measurement of Bridge Using Images Captured Under the Bridge by Sampling Moiré Method

  • Research paper
  • Published:
Experimental Techniques Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Measuring the deflection of bridges in service is crucial for monitoring their structural health conditions. Recently, the image measurement method has been developed to measure the bridge deflection, wherein the camera for taking images is installed at a distant place where the target bridge can be seen. In this study, we developed a simple but effective optical method to measure the out-of-plane displacement of a bridge, which could not be done before, from the images captured with a camera installed under the bridge. The proposed method converts the virtual in-plane displacement evaluated from the sampling moiré measurement into the out-of-plane displacement under the assumption that the target bridge and the reference point move in the in-plane direction as a rigid-body deformation, or the in-plane displacement is absent or negligible. In field experiments to measure the deflection of a viaduct during the passage of a high-speed train (Japanese Shinkansen) with a speed of 320 km/h, we successfully measured the bridge deflection less than 1 mm from images recorded with a camera installed under the bridge floor. When comparing the difference in deflections measured from the proposed method and a conventional Laser Doppler vibrometer, the average absolute difference was less than 0.05 mm. Our developed method is simple and cost-effective, making this technique very efficient in structural health monitoring of elevated railway or road bridges.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Chang PC, Flatau A, Liu SC (2003) Health monitoring of civil infrastructure. Struct Health Monit 2:257–267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Cowing MM, Pate-Cornell ME, Glynn PW (2004) Dynamic modeling of the tradeoff between productivity and safety in critical engineering systems. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 86:269–284

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Ko JM, Ni YQ (2005) Technology developments in structural health monitoring of large-scale bridges. Eng Struct 27(12):1715–1725

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Brownjohn J (2007) Structural health monitoring of civil infrastructure. Philos Trans R Soc A 365:589–622

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Lantsoght E, Veen C, Boer A, Hordijk D (2017) State-of-the-art on load testing of concrete bridges. Eng Struct 150:231–241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Das S, Saha P, Patro SK (2016) Vibration-based damage detection techniques used for health monitoring of structures: a review. J Civil Struct Health Monit 6:477–507

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Jeon J, Lee H (2019) Development of displacement estimation method of girder bridges using measured strain signal induced by vehicular loads. Eng Struct 186:203–215

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Celebi M (2000) GPS in dynamic monitoring of long-period structures. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 20:477–483

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Nakamura S (2000) GPS measurement of wind-induced suspension bridge girder displacements. J Struct Eng 126:1413–1419

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Van Le H, Nishio M (2015) Time-series analysis of GPS monitoring data from a long-span bridge considering the global deformation due to air temperature changes. J Civil Struct Health Monit 5:415–425

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Xu Y, Brownjohn J, Hester D, Koo K (2017) Long-span bridges: Enhanced data fusion of GPS displacement and desk accelerations. Eng Struct 147:639–651

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Nassif HH, Gindy M, Davis J (2005) Comparison of laser Doppler vibrometer with contact sensors for monitoring bridge deflection and vibration. NDT & E Int 38:213–218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Pieraccini M, Luzi G, Mecatti D, Fratini M, Noferini L, Carissimi L, Franchioni G, Atzeni C (2004) Remote sensing of building structural displacements using a microwave interferometer with imaging capability. NDT & E Int 37:545–550

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Xu Y, Brownjohn J (2018) Review of machine-vision based methodologies for displacement measurement in civil structures. J Civil Struct Health Monit 8:91–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Feng D, Feng M (2018) Computer vision for SHM of civil infrastructure: From dynamic response measurement to damage detection – A review. Eng Struct 156:105–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Olaszek P (1999) Investigation of the dynamic characteristic of bridge structures using a computer vision method. Measurement 25:227–236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Wahbeh AM, Caffrey JP, Masri SF (2003) A vision-based approach for the direct measurement of displacements in vibrating systems. Smart Mater Struct 12:785–794

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Lee JJ, Shinozuka MA (2006) vision-based system for remote sensing of bridge displacement. NDT&E Int 39:425–431

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Luo L, Feng M, Wu Z (2018) Robust vision sensor for multi-point displacement monitoring of bridge in the field. Eng Struct 163:255–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Yoneyama S, Kitagawa A, Iwata S, Tani K, Kikuta H (2007) Bridge deflection measurement using digital image correlation. Exp Tech 31:34–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Ri S, Tsuda H, Chang K, Hsu S, Lo F, Lee T (2020) Dynamic deformation measurement by the sampling moiré method from video recording and its application to bridge engineering. Exp Tech 44:313–327

  22. Pan B, Qian K, Xie H, Asundi A (2009) Two-dimensional digital image correlation for in-plane displacement and strain measurement: a review. Meas Sci Technol 20:062001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Pan B, Tian L, Song X (2016) Real-time, non-contact and targetless measurement of vertical deflection of bridges using off-axis digital image correlation. NDT & E Int 79:73–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Ri S, Muramatsu T, Saka M, Nanbara K, Kobayashi D (2012) Accuracy of the sampling moiré method and its application to deflection measurements of large-scale structures. Exp Mech 52:331–340

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Ri S, Saka M, Nanbara K, Kobayashi D (2013) Dynamic thermal deformation measurement of large-scale, high-temperature piping in thermal power plants utilizing the sampling moiré method and grating magnets. Exp Mech 53:1635–1646

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Sekiya H, Maruyama Q, Miki C (2017) Visualization system for bridge deformations under live load based on multipoint simultaneous measurements of displacement and rotational response using MEMMS sensors. Eng Struct 146:43–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Ri S, Wang Q, Tsuda H, Shirasaki H, Kuribayashi K (2020) Displacement measurement of concrete bridges by the sampling moiré method based on phase analysis of repeated pattern. Strain 56:e12351 (20pp)

  28. Chen F, Chen X, Xie X, Feng X, Yang L (2013) Full-field 3D measurement using multi-camera digital image correlation system. Opt Lasers Eng 51:1044–1052

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Ri S, Tsuda H, Yoshida T, Umebayashi T, Sato A, Sato E (2015) Simultaneous in-plane and out-of-plane displacement measurement based on a dual-camera imaging system and its application to inspection of large-scale space structures. Proc SPIE 9524:95242N

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Tay CJ, Quan C, Huang YH, Fu Y (2005) Digital image correlation for whole field out-of-plane displacement measurement using a single camera. Optics Communications 251:23–36

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Pankow M, Justusson B, Waas A (2010) Three-dimensional digital image correlation technique using single high-speed camera for measuring large out-of-plane displacement at high framing rates. Appl Opt 49:3418–3427

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Pan B, Wang Q (2013) Single-camera microscopic stereo digital image correlation using a diffraction grating. Opt Express 21:25056–25068

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Ri S (2021) Accurate and fast out-of-plane displacement measurement of flat objects using single-camera based on the sampling moiré method. Meas Sci Technol 32:035022 (6pp)

  34. Ri S, Fujigaki M, Morimoto Y (2010) Sampling moiré method for accurate small deformation distribution measurement. Exp Mech 50:501–508

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Ri S, Muramatsu T (2012) Theoretical error analysis of the sampling moiré method and phase compensation methodology for single-shot phase analysis. Appl Opt 51:3214–3223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Ri S, Hayashi S, Ogihara S, Tsuda H (2014) Accurate full-field optical displacement measurement technique using a digital camera and repeated patterns. Opt Express 22:9693–9706

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Ms. M. Nakahara and Mr. T. Shimizu at JR East Consultants Co., for supporting the field experiment, especially the Laser Doppler vibrometer measurements. The authors also thank Dr. S. Kusunoki at Meteorological Research Institute in Japan for the stimulating discussion and Ms. Y. Noguchi for drawing figures. The authors are also grateful to the reviewers for their insightful comments and suggestions.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Institute for Measurement and Analytical Instrumentation, National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8568, Japan

    S. Ri, Q. Wang & H. Tsuda

  2. Research and Development Center of JR East Group, East Japan Railway Co., Saitama, 331-8513, Japan

    H. Shirasaki & K. Kuribayashi

Authors
  1. S. Ri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Q. Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. H. Tsuda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. H. Shirasaki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. K. Kuribayashi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S. Ri.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Appendix

Appendix

Figure 9 shows the experimental result of deflection measurement by distant photography based on our previous study [See Ref. 27, Fig. 8(b)]. Figure 9(a) shows the time variations of the x-directional in-plane displacement at the 0 point and 1/2 point during the train's passage with the speed of 135 km/h. Figure 9(b) indicates the in-plane displacement difference between 1/2 point and 0 point in the x-direction. We can confirm that the x-directional in-plane displacement for an inbound train at 0 point and 1/2 point are almost the same.

Fig. 9
figure 9

Experimental result of deflection measurement by distant photography based on our previous study [See Ref. 27, Fig. 8(b)]: (a) time variations of the x-directional in-plane displacement at the 0 point and 1/2 point during the passage of the train with the speed of 135 km/h, (b) the in-plane displacement difference between 1/2 point and 0 point in the x-direction

Full size image

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ri, S., Wang, Q., Tsuda, H. et al. Deflection Measurement of Bridge Using Images Captured Under the Bridge by Sampling Moiré Method. Exp Tech 47, 1085–1095 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40799-022-00616-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40799-022-00616-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation