1 Introduction

China produces more coal than any other country in the world and 95 % of that production is from underground mines (Xie et al. 2012). In the important state-owned mines, 70 % are gassy and coal gas outbursts occur too frequently, mostly from coal seams with low permeability (Yuan 2008a). In recent years, owing to the difficult problem of gas control in low-permeability coal seams, a number of theories, techniques, and instruments have been developed to deal with this problem. The techniques of stress relief mining in low-permeability coal seams, pillarless mining, and Y-type ventilation systems emplaced from gob side retained roadways have been developed and applied successfully to control these gas accidents (Yuan 2008b, 2009). Currently, the Y-type ventilation system gas control technique is being used widely for coal extraction where gas emissions are high (Liu et al. 2009). This gas control technique is beneficial in preventing methane concentrations from rising above the statutory limits, and the selectivity of this gas drainage method is more flexible than U-type ventilation gas control techniques (Xie et al. 2014). The gas drainage methods, which include roadways, surface wells, boreholes drilled from gob side retained roadways, and buried pipes in the gob, are applied to control gas emissions during mining coupled with Y-type ventilation (Yuan 2008b). Adopting numerous gas drainage methods together is an important characteristic of this gas control technique. However, as mining depths increase, some elements of this gas control system become unsuitable for seams with high gas emissions. Because the larger mining depths cause higher ground stresses, maintaining long gob side roadways is extremely difficult and the roadways suffer significant deformation. This makes the roadways unsuitable for borehole drilling and continuous gas drainage. Moreover, adopting various gas drainage methods together is lack of the specifically target. Therefore, it is essential to select and optimize a number of different gas drainage methods to manage gas emissions.

2 Gas-enrichment zones during stress-relief mining

Gas-enrichment zones in stress relief mining depend upon a number of factors including geological conditions, the number of overlying and underlying seams, the vertical separation of those seams, and the ventilation systems. Figure 1 shows the gas-enrichment zones based on mining the 11-2 coal seam to protect the 13-1 seam at Huainan.

Fig. 1
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Distribution of gas-enrichment zones

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2.1 Gas-enrichment in an overlying seam

The 13-1 coal seam at Huainan mining area has a high gas content, low permeability, and low strength. The interval separating 11-2 and the 13-1 seams is between 70 and 90 m. Practical experience in the Panyi Mine showed that, in the stress relief zones in a protected seam, the dilation deformation is up to 2.6 % and the permeability can increase from 0.01 to around 33 m2, an increase of 2880 times (Cheng et al. 2004). Because the interval between the protective and protected seams is large and there is a mudstone layer between the two seams, gas from the protected seam cannot flow into the gob of the protective seam despite the permeability of the protected seam being high. The 13-1 coal seam therefore becomes a gas-enrichment zone and gas can be drained through boreholes drilled into the protected seam from a gob side retained roadway and from a 13-1 bottom roadway.

2.2 Gas-enrichment in the roof

Extensive studies have been undertaken to characterize the roof gas-enrichment zone in the Huainan mining area. These studies have included physical simulation, numerical modeling, and field measurements, and have shown that a vertical fracture-controlled enrichment zone in the roof strata above the gob is formed after a protective seam is mined (Lu et al. 2010). Owing to irregular piling of rocks in caved zones, this zone is ring shaped. A vertical fracture zone also forms between the caved zone and fractured zone above the gob. These zones allow gas accumulation and movement. The gas in these zones can be desorbed from both overlying and underlying seams as well as desorbed from coal left in the gob. The zone in the roof becomes gas enriched.

2.3 Gas-enrichment in the gob with a Y-type ventilation system

The lowest air pressure in the panel occurs at the end of the return roadway, not at the face return corner. A primary path for gas leakage is from the gob into the retained roadway. If the roadway is well sealed against the gob, the gas can accumulate in the gob end and gas concentrations there can be high. The Y-type ventilation system can easily lower gas concentrations in the gob and can contribute to gob gas drainage using buried pipes. A Y-type system can also reduce gas accumulation at the face return corner better than U-type ventilation, which can allow gas concentrations at the upper corner to exceed statutory limits (Yuan et al. 2011).

3 Practice of gas drainage from different mine areas

3.1 Overview of the test panel

The panel 1112(1) in the Zhuji Mine is the initial mining panel for the 11-2 coal seam in the southeast area. Seam depth is from −910.5 to −954.3 m, the extractable panel length is 181.8 m and face length is 220 m. The average thickness of the 11-2 seam is 1.25 m with a gas content of 5 m3/t in the seam and a mining height of 1.8 m using longwall mining along strike. The 13-1 seam, 64 m above the 11-2 seam, has a gas content of 9.86 m3/t with a pressure of 6.8 MPa. The 13-1 coal seam is an outburst coal seam with low permeability and will be protected by the underlying 11-2 seam. During the mining period, a retained roadway with Y-type ventilation was adopted for gas drainage and seven connecting roadways were used for air return from the retained roadway to a roof roadway, as shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2
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Roadway arrangement of Y-type ventilation panel

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3.2 Different methods for gas drainage

3.2.1 Gas drainage from the stress relief seam, the fracture zone, and the gob by surface wells

Wells drilled from the surface that penetrated the protected seam, the curved subsidence zone, and the fracture zone and continued to the mining area were superior to construction of roadways for gas drainage because they could be completed without affecting underground mining. During mining, the stress relief gas in the overlying seam, the fracture-enrichment zone, and the gob could be effectively extracted. For the panel 1112(1), nine surface wells were drilled spaced 230–260 m apart and 90–106 m inward from the retained roadway. The surface well coordinates are shown as Table 1.

Table 1 Locations of surface wells
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3.2.2 Gas drainage from the stress relief seam and fracture-enrichment zone with boreholes from the roof roadway

When gas is extracted through surface wells, gas migration into the working face cannot be effectively controlled because of the weak drainage effect during a new surface well taking on the main gas drainage role of an old well, because the boreholes of roof strike from transport roadway have limited influence scope and installing a roof drainage roadway would be time-consuming and difficult. In addition, boreholes drilled from the retained roadway are susceptible to roadway deformation, which commonly results in boreholes being obstructed or sheared off and resultant poor gas removal (Xie and Yang 2010; Zhang et al. 2011). For these reasons, a Y-type ventilation and gas drainage system from the roof roadway is used, as shown in Figs. 3 and 4.

Fig. 3
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Three-dimensional drawing showing different methods of gas drainage

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Fig. 4
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Design of Y-type roof gas drainage boreholes

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To improve the drainage provided by cross-measure boreholes, a roof roadway was constructed outside of the panel. As shown in Fig. 4, the roadway was driven 20 m above the 11-2 coal seam and 35 m horizontally from the retained roadway. This roof roadway has three functions and one additional benefit. The functions are: (1) to serve as an air return path for Y-type ventilation from the working face; (2) to provide stations from which to drill cross-measure boreholes to extract stress relief gas from the 13-1 coal seam; and (3) to allow large-diameter horizontal boreholes to be drilled to the gas-enrichment zone above the gob roof to drain gas from the gob area and to control upper corner gas. The roadway has a fourth benefit in that the roof roadway can be reused as a high-level drainage roadway for the next phase of 11-2 coal seam panel mining.

Cross-measure boreholes drilled to extract stress relief gas from the 13-1 coal seam are also shown in Fig. 4. To improve stress relief gas extraction, cross-measure boreholes were drilled into the stress relief areas defined in Sect. 2 of this paper. The corresponding elevation angle of cross-measure boreholes in the roof roadway is 26°–42°. The elevation angle of actual operation is 32° and the azimuth angle is perpendicular to the roof roadway. Each group is spaced 20–25 m apart with two boreholes in each group. Each hole is 113 mm in diameter.

A third method for gas extraction shown in Fig. 4 is extraction of gas from the fracture zone by large-diameter horizontal boreholes. These holes were bored to maintain low gas concentrations at the upper corner of the working face and were emplaced into the roof fracture zone of the 11-2 coal seam while new surface wells were being drilled. The high-concentration gas in the vertical fracture zone of the roof was extracted by these boreholes. The elevation angle of the boreholes was 0° and the azimuth was perpendicular to the roof roadway. The 153 mm boreholes penetrated about 50 m into the gob and were lined with full-length sieve tubes.

3.2.3 Gas drainage of gob to the retained roadway with buried pipes

To account for air leakage in the gob side of the Y-type ventilation, 40 cm iron pipes were embedded approximately every 20 m in the filler wall of the retained roadway to extract accumulated gas in the gob area. Based on the observation that negative pressure is greatest at the end of the retained roadway, two 20 cm iron pipes were embedded in the sealed walls of the connection tunnel between the retained roadway and roof roadway. When a new connection tunnel was opened, the old retained and roof roadways were sealed as shown in Fig. 2.

3.3 Effect of gas drainage by drainage method

3.3.1 Surface well gas drainage

During mining, alternate drainage of surface wells was accomplished and the maximum gas drainage concentration of a single well could be up to 100 % for each surface well. When the working face was pushed 20 m past the surface well, the quantity of gas continued to be high but then gradually decreased to a lower value. The volume of gas drained was mainly influenced by the condition of the well and geological structure. If the well collapsed or water accumulated in the bore, the quantity of gas drained would drop quickly. If the condition of the surface well remained good, however, the well could function effectively until the mining of that panel ended. Figure 5 is a graph of the gas production from nine surface wells. The dashed lines show the position of each well. The gas drainage rate of surface wells could be up to 85 m3/min although the average rate was 23.7 m3/min. The average gas drainage concentration was 51.8 %. Figure 5 shows that there are nine peaks on the gas drainage rate and concentration curves. Each peak was reached after the working face pushed past the well. Note that after the working face pushed past the No. 4 surface well, the gas drainage increased remarkably. This may have been a result of the diameter of the No. 4 well being 244 mm whereas the other wells were 177 mm in diameter.

Fig. 5
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Gas drainage effect of surface wells

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3.3.2 Roof roadway borehole gas drainage

The drainage provided by cross-measure and large-diameter horizontal boreholes in the roof roadway is shown in Fig. 6. The maximum gas drainage rate reached 47.5 m3/min; the average was 22.4 m3/min during advancement. The concentration of gas drainage was as much as 72.3 % with an average of 38.4 %. During surface well replacement, the stress relief gas could be effectively controlled to prevent gas migration to the working face.

Fig. 6
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Gas drainage effect of roof roadway boreholes

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3.3.3 Pipes buried in the gob at the retained roadway gas drainage

The gas drainage from pipes embedded in filler wall of the roadway is shown in Fig. 7. The gas drainage rate reached 22.8 m3/min with an average of 3.6 m3/min, and the concentration of gas in the drainage was up to 8.9 % (the average was 4.4 %). The gas drainage provided by pipes buried in the sealed walls of the connection tunnel between the retained roadway and roof roadway is shown in Fig. 8. For this method, the maximum gas drainage rate was 32.8 m3/min (average 9.4 m3/min) with a maximum gas concentration of 27.6 % (average 9.9 %). Buried pipes in the sealed walls promoted gas movement to the deep gob area. When surface wells and roof roadway boreholes were not fully effective, the buried pipes in the sealed walls were the most important part of the gas control system.

Fig. 7
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Gas drainage effect of buried pipes in the filler wall

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Fig. 8
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Gas drainage effect of buried pipes in sealed walls

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In general, Figs. 5, 6, 7, and 8 show that the gas concentrations and quantity peaked about every 100 m of mining advance. Note the peak positions at 800 m of advance. The gas curves for buried pipes in the filler walls peak when the panel advanced to 800 m and at that time, the No. 3 surface well had stopped draining while the No. 4 well had not yet taken effect.

3.4 Integrated gas drainage results

Figures 9 and 10 show mine gas emission rates, ventilation and return air rates, and gas concentrations during the mining of the panel 1112(1). The absolute gas emission rate was as much as 116.3 m3/min; the average was 69.1 m3/min. The maximum gas drainage rate could reach 106.7 m3/min with an average of 59.5 m3/min (Fig. 9), and the gas drainage rate averagely accounted for 84.8 % of gas emission rate. The surface wells drained 40.1 % of the total gas, the roof roadway boreholes 37.9 %, and buried pipes 22.0 %. Figure 10 shows that after the adoption of the Y-type ventilation extraction system, the gas concentration of return air was between 0.15 % and 0.64 % with a ventilation rate of 2100–2750 m3/min (only dropping to 1620 m3/min just before completion). Thus the gas was effectively controlled during mining and safe production was realized.

Fig. 9
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Gas emission and drainage rate

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Fig. 10
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Gas concentration of return air and ventilation rate

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4 Discussion

  1. (1)

    The effectiveness of drainage provided by surface wells is affected by the well type, well condition, and geological structure. Hole collapse or water accumulation can result in poor gas drainage. Good hole conditions can sustain the drainage effect until mining of the panel has been completed. A larger-diameter surface well can improve gas drainage.

  2. (2)

    Based on drainage analysis of roof roadway boreholes, drainage for these holes can be equivalent to that provided by surface wells. However, considering the cost and construction difficulties, surface wells are expensive and complicated, whereas the roof roadway is simple and flexible with well-known drainage effectiveness. Gas drainage from roof roadway boreholes can be an effective supplement for gas remediation.

  3. (3)

    Drainage analysis shows that the important features of gob buried pipes are that the drainage mixture amount is great, the gas concentration is low, and their major role is to change the gas flow field in the gob area and keep gas concentrations below the statutory limit at the corner of the retained roadway. Owing to the negative pressure being great at the sealed wall at the end of the retained roadway, the drainage rate and concentration are higher than those at the buried pipes in filler wall.

5 Conclusions

  1. (1)

    During mining of the panel 1112(1) in the Zhuji Mine, the absolute gas emission rate reached 116.3 m3/min and averaged 69.1 m3/min. After the adoption of Y-type ventilation, the concentration of gas in return air was between 0.15 % and 0.64 % with a ventilation rate of 2100–2750 m3/min. These data show that effective gas control was achieved and coal production could proceed safely.

  2. (2)

    A roof roadway was driven outside of the mining panel to provide three interrelated gas control features and one ancillary feature. First, to improve the drainage from cross-measure boreholes, the roof roadway acted as an air return pathway for Y-type ventilation air from the working face. Second, the roof roadway allowed the construction of cross-measure boreholes to extract stress relief gas from the overlying 13-1 coal seam. Third, large-diameter horizontal boreholes could be drilled from the roadway to the gas-enrichment zone above the gob roof to drain gas from the gob area and control gas in the upper corner of the working face. The fourth feature is that, subsequent to panel 1112(1) completion, the roof roadway could be used as a high-level drainage roadway for mining the next panel 11-2.

  3. (3)

    The gas drainage rate reached 106.7 m3/min and averaged 59.5 m3/min with an average gas drainage ratio of 84.8 %. Surface wells drained 40.1 % of the total amount of gas, roof roadway boreholes drained 37.9 %, and the buried pipes accounted for the remaining 22.0 %. The effect of the cross-measure and horizontal boreholes was equivalent to that of surface wells, and holes drilled from the roof roadway could be an effective supplement for gas remediation.