Abstract
Despite some early starts, such as Seekins and Fawcett’s, The Behavior Analyst, 9, 35–45, (1986) description of the stages of public policy making and the ABAI task force on public policy headed by Fawcett et al, The Behavior Analyst, 11, 11–25, (1988), little progress has been made to bring the field of behavior analysis up to the standards of other professions (e.g., pediatrics) in the area of advocacy. In this article we will use experiences in advocating for the profession of behavior analysis in the state of New York to encourage behavior analysts to become involved in advocacy in their state (locally, regionally, state-wide). Further, we suggest that the experiences and observations of professionals who are experts at advocating on a national level (e.g., pediatricians) may be important in encouraging behavior analysts to establish a national advocacy platform. In addition, this article will attempt to make the case as to why it is critical that behavior analysts seek and adopt leadership positions municipally, at the state level, nationally, and even internationally, in the area of advocacy. Finally, we will suggest that there is a need to integrate advocacy into the training and daily activity of behavior analysts and why the field might now be ready for this shift, as we stand on the shoulders of giants.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.
Notes
Although a complete functional assessment of this issue lies outside the scope of this article, it should be noted that the tobacco industry engaged in complex macro behaviors (e.g., companies partnering together) to deceive the public about the safety of their products (Coraiola & Derry, 2020). This deception continues today in many countries outside the United States (see https://www.takeapart.org/tinytargets/).
Some students might contact instructors on these topics in pursuit of the culturo-behavior science certificate, or through their practical training or research experiences led by faculty advisors who work in advocacy, policy, or other cultural and community-based applications of behavior science.
References
Ala’i-Rosales, S., Pritchett, M., Linden, A., Cunningham, I., & Syed, N. (2022). Be humble, learn and care: Culturally responsive evidence-based practice. In J. B. Leaf, J. H. Cihon, J. L. Ferguson, & M. J. Weiss (Eds.), Handbook of applied behavior analysis interventions for autism: Integrating research into practice (pp. 151–167). Springer.
Alavosius, M. P., Gelino, B. W., & Pietras, C. J. (2022a). Approaching 1.5 °C of global warming: Introduction to the special section on behavior and cultural systems analysis for climate change. Part I. Behavior & Social Issues, 31, 366–372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42822-022-00113-2
Alavosius, M. P., Gelino, B. W., & Rakos, R. F. (2022b). Culturo-behavior science practicum: Analyses and intervention in multi-level contexts. Behavior & Social Issues, 31, 327–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42822-022-00099-x
American Academy of Pediatrics. (AAP). (2009). Advocacy guide. https://downloads.aap.org/AAP/PDF/aap_advocacy_guide.pdf. Accessed 2023.
American Academy of Pediatrics. (AAP). (n.d.). Advocacy training modules. https://www.aap.org/en/advocacy/advocacy-training-modules/. Accessed 2023.
American Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). (2017). ACGME program requirements for graduate medical education in pediatrics. https://www.acgme.org/Portals/0/PFAssets/ProgramRequirements/320_pediatrics_2017-07-01.pdf. Accessed 2023.
Ardilla-Sanchez, J. G., Cihon, T. M., Malott, M. E., Mattaini, M. A., Rakos, R. F., Rehfeldt, R. A., Richling, S. M., Roose, K. M., Seniuk, H. A., & Watson-Thompson, J. (2020a). Collective editorial: Ten guidelines for strategic social action. Behavior & Social Issues, 29, 15–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42822-020-00038-8
Ardilla-Sanchez, J. G., Richling, S. M., Benson, M. L., & Rakos, R. F. (2020b). Activism, advocacy, and accompaniment. In T. M. Cihon & M. A. Mattaini (Eds.), Behavior science perspectives on culture and community (pp. 413–436). Springer.
Aspholm, R. R., & Mattaini, M. A. (2017). Youth activism as violence prevention. In The Wiley handbook of violence and aggression (pp. 1– 12). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119057574.whbva104
Association for Behavior Analysis International (ABAI). (n.d.b). Accreditation standards. https://accreditation.abainternational.org/apply/accreditation-standards.aspx. Accessed 2023.
Association for Behavior Analysis International (ABAI). (n.d.c). Verified course sequence program. https://abainternational.org/vcs/bacb.aspx. Accessed 2023.
Association for Behavior Analysis International (ABAI). (n.d.a). Strategic plan. https://www.abainternational.org/about-us/strategic-plan.aspx. Accessed 2023.
Association of Professional Behavior Analysts (APBA). (n.d.). About the APBA. https://www.apbahome.net/. Accessed 2023.
Baer, D. M., Wolf, M. M., & Risley, T. R. (1968). Some current dimensions of applied behavior analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1(1), 91–97. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1968.1-91
Baer, D. M., Wolf, M. M., & Risley, T. R. (1987). Some still-current dimensions of applied behavior analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 20(4), 313–327. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1987.20-313
Batt, R., Appelbaum, E., & Nguyen, Q. T. (2023, June 21). Pocketing money meant for kids: Private equity in autism services. Center for Economic & Policy Research. https://cepr.net/report/pocketing-money-meant-for-kids-private-equity-in-autism-services/. Accessed 2023.
Behavior Analyst Certification Board. (n.d.). BACB certificant data. https://www.bacb.com/BACB-certificant-data. Accessed 2023.
Behavior Analyst Certification Board. (2022). Board certified behavior analyst (BCBA) handbook. https://bacb.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/BCBAHandbook_230321-a.pdf. Accessed 2023.
Bernhard, B., (2019). Autism insurance coverage required in all 50 states. Disability scoop. https://www.disabilityscoop.com/2019/10/01/autism-insurance-coverage-now-required-50-states/27223/. Accessed 2023.
Biglan, A. (1995). Changing cultural practices: A contextualist framework for intervention research. Context Press.
Biglan, A., & Taylor, T. K. (2000). Why have we been more successful in reducing tobacco use than violent crime? American Journal of Community Psychology, 28(3), 269–302. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005155903801
Bijou, S. W., Peterson, R. F., & Ault, M. H. (1968). A method to integrate descriptive and experimental field studies at the level of data and empirical concepts. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1968.1-175
Bode, S. M., Hoffman, B. D., Chapman, S. H., Kaczorowski, J. M., Best, D. L., Shah, A. N., Nerlinger, A. L., Barnard, J. A., Loud, K. J., Brophy, P., Reed, A. M., & Braner, D. (2022). Academic careers in advocacy: Aligning institutional values through use of an advocacy portfolio. Pediatrics, 150(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2021-055014
Busch, L., Santana, J., & Mattaini, M. A. (2023). Behaviour analyst as changemaker: Science, advocacy and activism in practice. In C. Hall, K. Maich, & B. M. Anderson (Eds.), People skills for behavior analysts (pp. 203–216). Routledge.
Carr, E. G., & Durand, V. M. (1985). Reducing behavior problems through functional communication training. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 18(2), 111–126. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1985.18-111
Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC). (2020). Smoking cessation: A report of the surgeon general. https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/2020-cessation-sgr-full-report.pdf. Accessed 2023.
Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC). (2022). Social determinants of health at CDC. https://cdc.gov/about/sdoh/index.html. Accessed 2023.
Chance, P. (2007). The ultimate challenge: Prove B. F. Skinner wrong. The Behavior Analyst, 30(2), 153–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03392152
Cihon T. M.& Mattaini M. A.(Eds.) (2020). Behavior science perspectives on culture and community. Association for Behavior Analysis International book series: Behavior Science: Theory, Research, & Practice. Springer.
Cihon, T. M. (2022). Editorial: Expanding our scientific lens in the search for humility and advancing culturo-behavior science. Behavior & Social Issues, 31, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42822-022-00112-3
Cihon, T. M. (2023). Advancing research and practice in culturo-behavior science: A call to action. Behavior & Social Issues, 32, 339–359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42822-023-00146-1
Cihon, T. M., & Kazaoka, K. (2021). Culture: A cultural behavioral systems science perspective on the struggle for social justice. In J. Sadavoy & M. Zube (Eds.), A scientific framework for compassion and social justice (pp. 100–106). Routledge.
Cihon, T. M., & Mattaini, M. A. (2021). Editorial: The path forward. Behavior & Social Issues, 30, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42822-021-00078-8
Cihon, T. M., Walker, D. J., Kazaoka, K., & Pritchett, M. (2020). Ethics for cultural behavior science and practice. In T. M. Cihon & M. A. Mattaini (Eds.), Behavior science perspectives on culture and community, Association for Behavior Analysis International book series: Behavior Science: Theory, Research, & Practice (pp. 195–219). Springer.
Cihon, T. M., Borba, A., Benvenuti, M., & Sandaker, I. (2021). Research and training in culturo-behavior science. Behavior & Social Issues, 30, 237–275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42822-021-00076-w
Cirincione-Ulezi, N. (2020). Black women and barriers to leadership in ABA. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 13, 719–724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-020-00444-9
Čolić, M., Araiba, S., Lovelace, T. S., & Dababnah, S. (2021). Black caregivers’ perspectives on racism in ASD services: Toward culturally responsive ABA practice. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 15(4), 1032–1041. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-021-00577-5
Community Pediatrics Training Initiative (CPTI). (n.d.). https://www.aap.org/en/advocacy/community-health-and-advocacy/community-pediatrics-training-initiatives/. Accessed 2023.
Community Tool Box (CTB). (n.d.), Leadership and management. https://ctb.ku.edu/en/leadership-and-management. Accessed 2023.
Coraiola, D. M., & Derry, R. (2020). Remembering to forget: The historic irresponsibility of U.S. big tobacco. Journal of Business Ethics, 166, 233–252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04323-4
Critchfield, T. S. (2022). A note on the impact of behavior analysis on non-disability public policy and administration. Unpublished manuscript. Illinois State University.
Deochand, N., & Costello, M. S. (2022). Building a social justice framework for cultural and linguistic diversity in ABA. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 15(3), 893–908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-021-00659-4
Detrich, R. (2018). Rethinking dissemination: Storytelling as a part of the repertoire. Perspectives on Behavior Science, 41(2), 541–549. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-018-0160-y
Dixon, M. R., Belisle, J., Rehfeldt, R. A., & Root, W. B. (2018). Why we are still not acting to save the world: The upward challenge of a post-Skinnerian behavior science. Perspectives on Behavior Science, 41(1), 241–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-018-0162-9
Dodson, N. A., Talib, H. J., Gao, Q., Choi, J., & Coupey, S. M. (2021). Pediatricians as child health advocates: the role of advocacy education. Health Promotion Practice, 22(1), 13–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839920931494
Dymond, S., & Roche, B. (2009). A contemporary behavior analysis of anxiety and avoidance. The Behavior Analyst, 32(1), 7–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03392173
Evanko, C. D., Moss-Lourenco, T., Kramer, R., & Napolitano, D. A. (2024). Why we all need to shape the profession of behavior analysis through advocacy and how to get started. Behavior Analysis in Practice. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-023-00895-w
Fawcett, S. B. (1991). Some values guiding community research and action. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 24(4), 621–636. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1991.24-621
Fawcett, S. B. (2021). A reflection on community research and action as an evolving practice. Behavior & Social Issues., 30, 535–544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42822-021-00083-x
Fawcett, S. B., Bernstein, G. S., Czyzewski, M. J., Greene, B. F., Hannah, G. T., Iwata, B. A., Jason, L. A., Mathews, R. M., Morris, E. K., Otis-Wilborn, A., Seekins, T., & Winett, R. A. (1988). Behavior analysis and public policy. The Behavior Analyst, 11(1), 11–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03392450
Fawcett, S. B., Collie-Akers, V. L., Schultz, J. A., & Kelley, M. (2015). Measuring community programs and policies in the healthy communities study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 49(4), 636–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.06.027
Ferguson, J. L., Cihon, J. H., Leaf, J. B., Van Meter, S. M., McEachin, J., & Leaf, R. (2019). Assessment of social validity trends in the journal of applied behavior analysis. European Journal of Behavior Analysis, 20(1), 146–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/15021149.2018.1534771
Gearin, B., Turtura, J., Kame’enui, E. J., Nelson, N. J., & Fien, H. (2020). A multiple streams analysis of recent changes to state-level dyslexia education law. Educational Policy, 34(7), 1036–1068. https://doi.org/10.1177/0895904818807328
Gelino, B. W., Critchfield, T. S., & Reed, D. D. (2023). Measuring the dissemination impact of culturo-behavioral science. Behavior & Social Issues, 32, 88–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42822-022-00120-3
Ginsburg, D. B., Law, A. V., Mann, H. J., Palombi, L., Smith, W. T., Truong, H. A., Volino, L. R., & Ekoma, J. O. (2020). Report of the 2018–2019 strategic engagement standing committee. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 84(1), 7597. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe7597
Glenn, S. S., Malott, M. E., Andery Benvenuti, M., Houmanfar, R., Sandaker, I., Todorov, J. C., Tourinho, E. Z., & Vasconcelos, L. (2016). Toward consistent terminology in a behaviorist approach to cultural analysis. Behavior & Social Issues, 25, 11–27. https://doi.org/10.5210/bsi.v25i06634
Goldiamond, I. (1975). Alternative sets as a framework for behavioral formulations and research. Behaviorism, 3(1), 49–86. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/alternative-sets-as-framework-behavioral/docview/616043569/se-2. Accessed 2023.
Goldiamond, I. (2002). Toward a constructional approach to social problems: Ethical and constitutional issues raised by applied behavior analysis. Behavior & Social Issues, 11, 108–197. https://doi.org/10.5210/bsi.v11i2.92. Originalworkpublished1974.
Guercio, J. M., & Murray, W. J. (2014). Licensure for behavior analysts: The path to responsible and cooperative action. Behavioral Interventions, 29(3), 225–240. https://doi.org/10.1002/bin.1388
Hacker, K., & Houry, D. (2022). Social needs and social determinants: The role of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and public health. Public Health Reports, 137(6), 1049–1052. https://doi.org/10.1177/00333549221120244
Hineline, P. N. (2018). Narrative: Why it’s important and how it works. Perspectives in Behavior Science, 41, 471–501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-018-0137-x
Horner, R. H., Sugai, G., Todd, A. W., & Lewis-Palmer, T. (2000). Elements of behavior support plans: A technical brief. Exceptionality, 8(3), 205–216. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327035EX0803_6
Houmanfar, R. A., Rodrigues, N. J., & Ward, T. A. (2010). Emergence and metacontingency: Points of contact and departure. Behavior & Social Issues, 19, 53–78. https://doi.org/10.5210/Bsi.V19I0.3065
Houmanfar, R. A., Fryling, M., & Alavosius, M. P. (Eds.). (2021). Applied behavior science in organizations: Consilience of historical and emerging trends in organizational behavior management. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003198949
Huntington, R. N., Badgett, N. M., Rosenberg, N. E., Greeny, K., Bravo, A., Bristol, R. M., Byun, Y. H., & Park, M. S. (2022). Social validity in behavioral research: A selective review. Perspectives on Behavior Science, 46(1), 201–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-022-00364-9
Iwata, B. A., Dorsey, M. F., Slifer, K. J., Bauman, K. E., & Richman, G. S. (1994). Toward a functional analysis of self-injury. Analysis & Intervention in Developmental Disabilities, 2(1), 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/0270-4684(82)90003-9. Originalworkpublished1982.
Jensen, E. L., Gerber, J., & Mosher, C. (2004). Social consequences of the war on drugs: The legacy of failed policy. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 15(1), 100–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403403255315
Jost, J. T., & Kay, A. C. (2010). Social justice: History, theory, and research. In T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (pp. 1122–1165). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy002030
Karagueuzian, H. S., White, C., Sayre, J., & Norman, A. (2012). Cigarette smoke radioactivity and lung cancer risk. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 14(1), 79–90. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntr145
Keenan, M., Dillenburger, K., Konrad, M. H., Debetencourt, N., Vuksan, R., Kourea, L., ..., & Gallagher, S. (2022). Professional development of behavior analysts in Europe: A snapshot for 21 countries. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 16, 709–729. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-022-00754-0
Kinder, G., Cashman, S. B., Seifer, S. D., Inouye, A., & Hagopian, A. (2000). Integrating healthy communities concepts into health professions training. Public Health Reports, 115(2–3), 266–270. https://doi.org/10.1093/phr/115.2.266
Kirby, M. S., Spencer, T. D., & Spiker, S. T. (2022). Humble behaviorism redux. Behavior & Social Issues, 31, 133–158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42822-022-00092-4
Kirkpatrick, M., Akers, J., & Rivera, G. (2019). Use of Behavioral Skills Training with teachers: A systematic review. Journal of Behavioral Education, 28, 344–361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10864-019-09322-z
Klein, M., Hanson, E., Lichtenstein, C., Mogilner, L., Falusi, O., Tolliver, D. G., Lungelow, L., & Chamberlain, L. (2021). Poverty related education in pediatrics: Current state, gaps and call to action. Academic Pediatrics, 21(8), S177–S183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2021.02.006
Lamal, P. A. (Ed.). (1991). Behavioral analysis of societies and cultural practices. Hemisphere Publishing.
Lamal, P. A. (Ed.). (1997). Cultural contingencies: Behavior analytic perspectives on cultural practices. Praeger.
Lax, Y., Braganza, S., & Patel, M. (2019). Three-tiered advocacy: Using a longitudinal curriculum to teach pediatric residents advocacy on an individual, community, and legislative level. Journal of Medical Education & Curricular Development, 6, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/2382120519859300
Layng, T. V. J. (2009). The search for an effective clinical behavior analysis: The nonlinear thinking of Israel Goldiamond. The Behavior Analyst, 32, 163–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03392181
Layng, T. V. J., Andronis, P. T., Codd, R. T., III., & Abdel-Jalil, A. (2021). Nonlinear contingency analysis: Going beyond cognition and behavior in clinical practice. Routledge.
LeBlanc, L. A., Dickson, C. A., Pilgrim, C., Ross-Page, D., Sundberg, D. M., & Van Hoover, C. (2023). The women in behavior analysis hall of fame: Description and 2021 inductees. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 16, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-023-00782-4
Leigland, S. (2011). Beyond freedom and dignity at 40: Comments on behavioral science, the future, and Chance (2007). The Behavior Analyst, 34(2), 283–295. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03392258
Lewin, K. (1943). Defining the “field at a given time.” Psychological Review, 50(3), 292–310. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0062738
Lewin, K. (1951). Field theory in social science: Selected theoretical papers, In: D. Cartwright, (Ed.). Harper & Brothers
Lloyd, K. E. (2002). A review of correspondence training: Suggestions for a revival. The Behavior Analyst, 25, 57–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03392045
Luke, M. M., Roose, K. M., Rakos, R. F., & Mattaini, M. A. (2017). The history and current status of Behavior and Social Issues: 1978–2016. Behavior & Social Issues, 26, 111–127. https://doi.org/10.5210/bsi.v26i0.7728
Malagodi, E. F., & Jackson, K. (1989). Behavior analysts and cultural analysis: Troubles and issues. The Behavior Analyst, 12(1), 17–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03392474
Marano, K. E., Vladescu, J. C., Reeve, K. F., Sidener, T. M., & Cox, D. J. (2020). A review of the literature on staff training strategies that minimize trainer involvement. Behavioral Interventions, 35(4), 604–641. https://doi.org/10.1002/bin.1727
Mathur, S. K., & Rodriguez, K. A. (2022). Cultural responsiveness curriculum for behavior analysts: A meaningful step toward social justice. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 15(4), 1023–1031. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-021-00579-3
Mattaini, M. A. (2013). Strategic nonviolent power. Athabasca University Press.
Mattaini, M. A. (2019). Out of the lab: Shaping an ecological and constructional cultural systems science. Perspectives on Behavior Science, 42(4), 713–731. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-019-00208-z
Mattaini, M. A., & Rehfeldt, R. A. (2020). Editorial: Rendezvous with truth and discovery. Behavior & Social Issues, 29, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42822-020-00034-y
Mattaini, M. A., & Roose, K. M. (2021). Emerging culturo-behavior science contributions to global justice. Behavior & Social Issues, 30(1), 215–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42822-021-00073-z
Mattaini, M. A., Esquierdo-Leal, J. L., Ardila Sánchez, J. G., Richling, S. M., & Ethridge, A. N. (2020). Public policy advocacy in culturo-behavior science. In T. M. Cihon & M. A. Mattaini (Eds.), Behavior science perspectives on culture and community (pp. 385–412). Springer.
Mattaini, M. A., Roose, K. M., & Fawcett, S. B. (2022). Behavioral interventions contributing to reducing poverty and inequities. Behavior & Social Issues, 28, 16–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42822-022-00114-1
Miller, K. L., Cruz, A. R., & Ala’i-Rosales, S. (2019). Inherent tensions and possibilities: Behavior analysis and cultural responsiveness: Behavior & Social. Issues, 28(1), 16–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42822-019-00013-y
Mobus, G. E. (2022). Systems science: Theory, analysis, modeling, and design. Springer.
Mobus, G. E., & Kalton, M. C. (2015). Principles of systems science. Springer.
Moore, J. (2003). Behavior analysis, mentalism, and the path to social justice. The Behavior Analyst, 26(2), 181–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03392075
Morris, E. K. (2022). Teaching the history of behavior analysis: Past, purpose, and prologue [Special Section]. Perspectives on Behavior Science, 45(4), 697–818. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-022-00356-9
Neuringer, A. (1991). Humble behaviorism. The Behavior Analyst, 14(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03392543
Neves, A. B. V. S., & Cihon, T. M. (2023). Análise funcional culturo-comportamental: Diretrizes para incluir fenômenos comportamentais e culturais na clínica analítico comportamental [Culturo-behavioral functional analysis: Guidelines for including behavioral and cultural phenomena in the behavior analytic clinical setting]. Revista Perspectivas em Análise do Comportamento, 14(2), 103–121. https://doi.org/10.18761/vecc0122023
Pavlacic, J. M., Kellum, K. K., & Schulenberg, S. E. (2022). Advocating for the use of restorative justice practices: Examining the overlap between restorative justice and behavior analysis. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 15, 1237–1246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-021-00632-1
Pritchett, M., Alai-Rosales, S., Re Cruz, A., & Cihon, T. M. (2021). Social justice is the spirit and aim of an applied science of human behavior: Moving from colonial to participatory research practices. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 15(4), 1074–1092. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-021-00591-7
Pritchett, M., Cihon, T. M., & Ala’i-Rosales, S. A., & Re Cruz, A. (2022). From Fuller to Fawcett: A human rights history of research ethics in behavior analysis. In D. Cox, M. Brodhead, S. Quigley, & N. Syed (Eds.), Research ethics in behavior analysis: From bench to bedside (pp. 1–34). Elsevier.
Rachlin, H., & Green, L. (1972). Commitment, choice and self-control. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 17(1), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1972.17-15
Rohrer, J. L., & Weiss, M. J. (2022). Teaching compassion skills to students of behavior analysis: A preliminary investigation. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 16, 763–782. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-022-00748-y
Rohrer, J. L., Marshall, K. B., Suzio, C., & Weiss, M. J. (2021). Soft skills: The case for compassionate approaches of how behavior analysis keeps finding its heart. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 14, 1135–1143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-021-00563-x
Rumph, R., Ninness, C., McCuller, G., & Ninness, S. K. (2005). Guest editorial: Twenty years later, commentary on Skinner’s “Why we are not acting to save the world.” Behavior & Social Issues, 14(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.5210/bsi.v14i1.117
Rung, J. M., Peck, S., Hinnenkamp, J. E., Preston, E., & Madden, G. P. (2019). Changing delay discounting and impulsive choice: Implications for addictions, prevention, and human health. Perspectives on Behavior Science, 42, 397–417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-019-00200-7
Sadavoy, J. A., & Zube, M. L. (2021). A scientific framework for compassion and social justice: Lessons in applied behavior analysis. Routledge.
Schwartz, I. S., & Baer, D. M. (1991). Social validity assessments: Is current practice state of the art? Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 24(2), 189–204. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1991.24-189
Schwartz, I. S., & Kelly, E. M. (2021). Quality of life for people with disabilities: Why applied behavior analysts should consider this a primary dependent variable. Research & Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 46(3), 159–172. https://doi.org/10.1177/15407969211033629
Seekins, T., & Fawcett, S. B. (1986). Public policymaking and research information. The Behavior Analyst, 9(1), 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03391928
Silbaugh, B. C. (2023). Discussion and conceptual analysis of four group contingencies for behavioral process improvement in an ABA service delivery quality framework. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 16(2), 421–436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-022-00750-4
Silverman, K., Holtyn, A. F., & Toegel, F. (2019). The utility of operant conditioning to address poverty and drug addiction. Perspectives on Behavior Science, 42, 525–546. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-019-00203-4
Skinner, B. F. (1971). Beyond freedom and dignity. Bantam.
Skinner, B. F. (1987). Why we are not acting to save the world. In B. F. Skinner (Ed.), Upon further reflection (pp. 1–14). Prentice Hall.
Strauss, W. J., Nagaraja, J., Landgraf, A. J., Arteaga, S. S., Fawcett, S. B., Ritchie, L. D., John, L. V., Gregoriou, M., Frongillo, E. A., Loria, C. M., Weber, S. A., Collie-Akers, V. L., McIver, K. L., Schultz, J., Sagatov, R. D. F., Leifer, E. S., Webb, K., Pate, R. R., (Healthy Communities Study Team). (2018). The longitudinal relationship between community programmes and policies to prevent childhood obesity and BMI in children: The healthy communities study. Pediatric Obesity, 13(S1), 82–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12266
Tanaka-Matsumi, J., Seiden, D. Y., & Lam, K. N. (1996). The culturally informed functional assessment (CIFA) interview: A strategy for cross-cultural behavioral practice. Cognitive & Behavioral Practice, 3(2), 215–233.
Taylor, B. A., LeBlanc, L. A., & Nosik, M. R. (2019). Compassionate care in behavior analytic treatment: can outcomes be enhanced by attending to relationships with caregivers? Behavior Analysis in Practice, 12(3), 654–666. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-018-00289-3
Todorov, J. C., & Freitas Lemos, R. (2020). Applying behavioral science to large-scale social changes. In T. M. Cihon & M. A. Mattaini (Eds.), Behavior science perspectives on culture and community (pp. 171–193). Springer.
University of Kansas Center for Community Health & Development. (n.d.) Community tool box. https://ctb.ku.edu/en. Accessed 2023.
Von Bertalanffy, L. (1972). The history and status of general systems theory. Academy of Management Journal, 15(4), 407–426.
Watson-Thompson, J., Francisco, V. T., & Anderson-Carpenter, K. D. (2020). A behavioral community approach to community health and development: Tools for collaborative action. In T. M. Cihon & M. A. Mattaini (Eds.), Behavior science perspectives on culture and community, Association for Behavior Analysis International book series: Behavior Science: Theory, Research, & Practice (pp. 333–356). Springer.
Weiss, M. J. (2021). Social justice: An overdue and urgent topic for behavior analysis. In J. Sadavoy & M. Zube (Eds.), A scientific framework for compassion and social justice (pp. 268–273). Routledge.
Wolf, M. M. (1978). Social validity: The case for subjective measurement or how applied behavior analysis is finding its heart. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 11(2), 203–214. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1978.11-203
Wright, P. I. (2019). Cultural humility in the practice of applied behavior analysis. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 12(4), 805–809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-019-00343-8
Zettle, R. D., & Hayes, S. C. (1982). Rule governed behavior: A potential theoretical framework for cognitive behavior therapy. In P. C. Kendall (Ed.), Advances in cognitive behavioral research and therapy (pp. 73–93). Academic Press.
Zhang, Y. X., & Cummings, J. R. (2020). Supply of certified applied behavior analysts in the United States: Implications for service delivery for children with autism. Psychiatric Services, 71(4), 385–388.
Authors’ note
The authors thank all of the grass roots coalition members, including families, self-advocates, students, faculty, organizations, and professionals, and especially Maureen O’Grady, Tricia Moss-Lourenco, and Julia Donnaruma who participated in this effort. Never underestimate the power of a group of well organized, passionate, invested community members in their ability to accomplish what was said to be “impossible”. Note: portions of this article have been presented at the Behavior Analysis Leadership Conference (2022), Miami, FL.
Funding
This article was not supported by any funding mechanism.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they do not have any conflict of interest.
Ethical Approval
No studies involving human participants were conducted to prepare this article.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Napolitano, D.A., Cohen, L.A. & Cihon, T.M. Behavior Analysis at a Macro Level: The Case for Behavior Analysts in Public Policy Work. Behav Analysis Practice (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-024-00928-y
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-024-00928-y