Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Revisiting the Inequality-Well-being Nexus: The Case of Developing Countries

  • Published:
Global Social Welfare Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study examines the inequality-well-being nexus in 66 developing countries spanning from 2006 to 2017. Well-being is approached through the subjective well-being perspective, while inequality is considered in terms of differences in income distribution. The findings obtained using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and the IV-Tobit strategies reveal that inequality proxied by the Gini index, the Palma ratio and the Atkinson ratio, hurts subjective well-being proxied by the Life Ladder index. The findings of the study suggest policymakers should formulate policies that will help reduce income inequality to improve the well-being of the citizens. This is in line with the setting of international policy objectives toward the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aimed at reducing extreme poverty and inequality. One way of achieving this is through the creation of decent employment for all.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Source: authors

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

The data supporting the findings of this study is available upon a reasonable request addressed to the corresponding author.

References

  • Appau, S., Churchill, S. A., & Farrell, L. (2019). Social integration and subjective wellbeing. Applied Economics, 51(16), 1748–1761.

  • Appau, S., Churchill, S. A., Smyth, R., & Zhang, Q. (2020). Social capital inequality and subjective wellbeing of older Chinese. Social Indicators Research, 1–23.

  • Arellano, M., & Bond, S. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. The Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 277–297.

  • Arellano, M., & Bover, O. (1995). Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models. Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 29–51.

  • Asongu, S. A., & Le Roux, S. (2017). Enhancing ICT for inclusive human development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 118, 44–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asongu, S. A., & Nwachukwu, J. C. (2017). Foreign aid and inclusive development: Updated evidence from Africa, 2005–2012. Social Science Quarterly, 98(1), 282–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asongu, S. A., & Odhiambo, N. M. (2019). How enhancing information and communication technology has affected inequality in Africa for sustainable development: An empirical investigation. Sustainable Development, 27(4), 647–656.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Becchetti, L., Massari, R., & Naticchioni, P. (2014). The drivers of happiness inequality: Suggestions for promoting social cohesion. Oxford Economic Papers, 66(2), 419–442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belasen, A. R., & Hafer, R. W. (2013). Do changes in economic freedom affect well-being. Journal of Regional Analysis & Policy, 43(1), 56–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg, M., & Veenhoven, R. (2010). Income inequality and happiness in 119 nations: In search for an optimum that does not appear to exist. In Happiness and social policy in Europe. Edward Elgar Publishing.

  • Bhaskar, R., Danermark, B., & Price, L. (2017). Interdisciplinarity and wellbeing: A critical realist general theory of interdisciplinarity. Routledge.

  • Boateng, A., Asongu, S., Akamavi, R., & Tchamyou, V. (2018). Information asymmetry and market power in the African banking industry. Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 44, 69–83.

  • Chambers, E. (Ed.). (1997). Tourism and culture: An applied perspective. SUNY Press.

  • Churchill, S. A., & Smyth, R. (2019). Transport poverty and subjective wellbeing. Transportation Research Part a: Policy and Practice, 124, 40–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, A. E., Frijters, P., Shields, M. (2008). Relative income, happiness and utility: An explanation for the easterlin paradox and other puzzles. Journal of Economic Literature, 46, 95–144.

  • Cobham, A., & Sumner, A. (2013). Is it all about the tails? The Palma measure of income inequality. Center for Global Development working paper, (343).

  • Cobham, A., Schlogl, L., & Sumner, A. (2015). Inequality and the tails. Policy commons, The United Nations: Found at: https://policycommons.net/artifacts/1121423/inequality-and-the-tails/view/

  • Delhey, J., & Dragolov, G. (2014). Why inequality makes Europeans less happy: The role of distrust, status anxiety, and perceived conflict. European Sociological Review, 30(2), 151–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dolan, P., Peasgood, T., & White, M. (2008). Do we really know what makes us happy? A review of the economic literature on the factors associated with subjective well-being. Journal of Economic Psychology, 29(1), 94–122.

  • Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988). A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95(2), 256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fahey, T., & Smyth, E. (2004). The link between subjective well-being and objective conditions in European societies. In European values at the turn of the millennium (pp. 57–80). Brill.

  • Fortin, N., Lemieux, T., & Firpo, S. (2011). Decomposition Methods in Economics. In Ashenfelter, O. & Card, D.(Eds.) Handbook of Labor Economics.

  • Goff, L., Helliwell, J. F., & Mayraz, G. (2016). The welfare costs of well-being inequality. National Bureau of Economic Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gough, I. (1994). Economic institutions and the satisfaction of human needs. Journal of Economic Issues, 28(1), 25–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gradín, C., Leibbrandt, M., & Tarp, F. (2021). Inequality in the developing world (p. 384). Oxford University Press.

  • Graham, C., & Felton, A. (2006). Inequality and happiness: Insights from Latin America. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 4(1), 107–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guillen-Royo, M. (2019). Sustainable consumption and wellbeing: Does on-line shopping matter? Journal of Cleaner Production, 229, 1112–1124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hadavand, A. (2018). Educational aid policy and inequality: The case for merit-and need-based aid. Review of Social Economy, 76(4), 535–562.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, J. A., & Simson, R. (2019). Evolution of inequality in higher education in Kenya.

  • Helliwell, J. F., & Huang, H. (2008). How’s your government? International evidence linking good government and well-being. British Journal of Political Science, 38(4), 595–619.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Helliwell, J. F., Layard, R., & Sachs, J. D. (2018). World happiness report 2018. Sustainable Development Solutions Network. Retrieved March 15, 2023, from https://www.wellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org/hw_happiness/3/

  • Helliwell, J. F., Layard, R., Sachs, J., & De Neve, J. E. (2020). World happiness report 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2023, from https://worldhappiness.report/ed/2020/

  • Hinks, T., & Gruen, C. (2007). What is the structure of South African happiness equations? Evidence from quality of life surveys. Social Indicators Research, 82(2), 311–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalmijn, W., & Veenhoven, R. (2005). Measuring inequality of happiness in nations: In search for proper statistics. Journal of Happiness Studies, 6, 357–396.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Killick, T. (1998). Adjustment, income distribution and poverty in Africa: A research guide. African Economic Research Consortium (AERC). Collaborative paper.

  • Killick, T. (2001). Globalisation and the rural poor. Development Policy Review, 19(2), 155–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kouladoum, J. C., Wirajing, M. A. K., & Nchofoung, T. N. (2022). Digital technologies and financial inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa. Telecommunications Policy, 102387.

  • Kollamparambil, U. (2020). Happiness, happiness inequality and income dynamics in South Africa. Journal of Happiness Studies, 21(1), 201–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Layte, R. (2012). The association between income inequality and mental health: Testing status anxiety, social capital, and neo-materialist explanations. European Sociological Review, 28(4), 498–511.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lemieux, T. (2002). Decomposing changes in wage distributions: A unified approach. Canadian Journal of Economics/revue Canadienne D’économique, 35(4), 646–688.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Z., Yan, H., Zhang, H., Zhan, X., & Huang, C. (2019). Improved inequality-based functions approach for stability analysis of time delay system. Automatica, 108, 108416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lipton, M., & Ravallion, M. (1995). Poverty and policy. Handbook of Development Economics, 3, 2551–2657.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malah, Y. F. K. (2021). Is happiness in the hands of women. Economics Bulletin, 41(2), 573–587.

  • Mignamissi, D., & Kuete, Y. F. M. (2021). Resource rents and happiness on a global perspective: The resource curse revisited. Resources Policy, 71, 101994.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milanovic, B. (2016). Global inequality. Harvard University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Morawetz, D. (1977). Twenty-five years 0 9 of economic development 1950 to 1975. The World Bank. Report N0 10098.

  • Morawetz, D., Atia, E., Bin-Nun, G., Felous, L., Gariplerden, Y., Harris, E., ... & Zarfaty, Y. (1977). Income distribution and self-rated happiness: Some empirical evidence. The Economic Journal, 87(347), 511–522.

  • Nchofoung, T., Achuo, E., & Asongu, S. (2021). Resource rents and inclusive human development in developing countries. Resources Policy, 74.

  • Nchofoung, T. N., & Asongu, S. A. (2022). ICT for sustainable development: Global comparative evidence of globalisation thresholds. Telecommunications Policy, 46(5), 102296.

  • Nchofoung, T. N., Asongu, S. A., Njamen Kengdo, A. A., & Achuo, E. D. (2022). Linear and non-linear effects of infrastructures on inclusive human development in Africa. African Development Review. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12619

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neira, I., Lacalle-Calderon, M., Portela, M., & Perez-Trujillo, M. (2019). Social capital dimensions and subjective well-being: A quantile approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(8), 2551–2579.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niimi, Y. (2018). What affects happiness inequality? Evidence from Japan. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19(2), 521–543.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nkemgha, G. Z., Nchofoung, T. N., & Sundjo, F. (2023). Financial development and human capital thresholds for the infrastructure development-industrialization nexus in Africa. Cities, 132, 104108.

  • Nnadozie, R. C. (2013). Access to basic services in post-apartheid South Africa: What has changed? Measuring on a relative basis. The African Statistical Journal, 16, 81–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nussbaum, M. (2000). Women’s capabilities and social justice. Journal of Human Development, 1(2), 219–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oishi, S., Kesebir, S., & Diener, E. (2011). Income inequality and happiness. Psychological Science, 22(9), 1095–1100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Önemli, M. B., & Potter, J. (2021). Reference group inequality, positional goods, and their impact on subjective well-being: Evidence from Turkey. Review of Social Economy, 79(4), 636–663.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OXFAM. (2019). Public good or private wealth? Oxford: Oxfam International. Available at: https://oxfamilibraryopenrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/620599/bp-public-good-or-private-wealth-210119-en.pdf?utmsource=indepth

  • Piketty, T., & Saez, E. (2014). Inequality in the long run. Science, 344(6186), 838–843.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Posel, D. R., & Casale, D. M. (2011). Relative standing and subjective well-being in South Africa: The role of perceptions, expectations and income mobility. Social Indicators Research, 104, 195–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rakodi, C. (1999). A capital assets framework for analysing household livelihood strategies: Implications for policy. Development Policy Review, 17(3), 315–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ravallion, M. (1995). Growth and poverty: Evidence for developing countries in the 1980s. Economics Letters, 48(3–4), 411–417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reyes-García, V., Angelsen, A., Shively, G. E., & Minkin, D. (2019). Does income inequality influence subjective wellbeing? Evidence from 21 developing countries. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(4), 1197–1215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robeyns, I. (2017). Wellbeing, freedom and social justice: The capability approach re-examined. Open Book Publishers.

  • Rözer, J., & Kraaykamp, G. (2013). Income inequality and subjective well-being: A cross-national study on the conditional effects of individual and national characteristics. Social Indicators Research, 113(3), 1009–1023.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scheidel, W. (2017). The great leveler. Princeton University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, S. M. (2016). Income inequality and subjective wellbeing: Trends, challenges, and research directions. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17(4), 1719–1739.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schröder, M. (2018). Income inequality and life satisfaction: Unrelated between countries, associated within countries over time. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19(4), 1021–1043.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sen, A. (1979). The welfare basis of real income comparisons: A survey. Journal of Economic Literature, 17(1), 1–45.

  • Sen, A. (1983). Liberty and social choice. The Journal of Philosophy, 80(1), 5–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sen, A. (1985). Well-being, agency and freedom: The Dewey lectures 1984. The Journal of Philosophy, 82(4), 169–221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sen, A. (1992). Inequality reexamined. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simson, R., & Savage, M. (2020). The global significance of national inequality decline. Third World Quarterly, 41(1), 20–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skidelsky, R. (2012). Inequality is killing capitalism. Project Syndicate, Nov, 21. Retrieved March 15, 2023, from https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/the-need-for-redistribution-of-wealth-and-income-in-order-to-save-capitalism-from-its-current-crisis-by-robert-skidelsky

  • Stevenson, B., & Wolfers, J. (2008). Happiness inequality in the United States. The Journal of Legal Studies, 37(S2), S33–S79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tchamyou, V. S. (2019). The role of information sharing in modulating the effect of financial access on inequality. Journal of African Business, 20(3), 317–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • The African Development Bank. (2014). Income inequality in Africa. Available at: https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Generic-Documents/Revised-Income%20inequality%20in%20Africa_LTS-rev.pdf

  • Tsafack, R., & Djeunankan, R. (2021). Do remittances improve access to safe drinking water and sanitation in developing countries? Economics Bulletin, 41(4), 2697–2710.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNESCO. (2020). 263 Million children and youth are out of school. https://uis.unesco.org/en/news/263-million-children-and-youth-are-out-school

  • UNICEF. (2020). Levels & trends in child mortality. Available at: https://www.unicef.org/media/60561/file/UN-IGME-child-mortality-report-2019.pdf

  • UNI-WIDER. (2020). World income inequality database. Available at : https://www.wider.unu.edu/project/wiid-%E2%80%93-world-income-inequality-database

  • Van de Walle, N. (2009). The institutional origins of inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa. Annual Review of Political Science, 12, 307–327.

  • Van Praag, B. (2011). Well-being inequality and reference groups: An agenda for new research. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 9(1), 111–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veenhoven, R, 1990. Inequality in happiness: Inequality in countries compared across countries. Munich Personal RePEc Archive, Munich.

  • Veenhoven, R. (2005). Inequality of happiness in nations. Journal of Happiness Studies, 6(4), 351–355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verme, P. (2011). Life satisfaction and income inequality. Review of Income and Wealth, 57(1), 111–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wirajing, M. A. K., & Nchofoung, T. N. (2023). The role of education in modulating the effect of ICT on governance in Africa. Education and Information Technologies, 1–34.

  • World Bank. (2021). Poverty: Development news, research, data. Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty

  • World Bank. (2022). Inequality and shared prosperity. Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/isp

  • Zhang, Q., & Churchill, S. A. (2020). Income inequality and subjective wellbeing: Panel data evidence from China. China Economic Review, 60, 101392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Q., Appau, S., & Kodom, P. L. (2021). Energy poverty, children’s wellbeing and the mediating role of academic performance: Evidence from China. Energy Economics, 97, 105206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, R., & Naceur, S. B. (2019). Financial development, inequality, and poverty: Some international evidence. International Review of Economics & Finance, 61, 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tii N. Nchofoung.

Ethics declarations

This manuscript is not under consideration in another journal.

Informed Consent

Not applicable.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Appendix

Appendix

Table 4 Matrix of correlations
Table 5 Data, source, and description of variables
Table 6 List of countries

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wirajing, M.A.K., Nchofoung, T.N. & Nanfosso, R.T. Revisiting the Inequality-Well-being Nexus: The Case of Developing Countries. Glob Soc Welf (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40609-023-00278-7

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40609-023-00278-7

Keywords

Navigation