Abstract
Elastomeric materials show promise as potential micro-fillers in brake linings. They can provide vibration damping and acoustic advantages in intermittent and abrupt impact applications such as braking. The elastomeric material can be salvaged from non-biodegradable automotive tires, thereby providing an opportunity to reuse materials that will otherwise be discarded in landfills. Both tribological and thermomechanical performances of the waste tire rubber were assessed to determine their potential for use as micro-fillers in the brake linings of commercial vehicles with a gross weight less than 16 tons. Accordingly, the brake lining materials were fabricated with fine waste tire rubber particulates (WTRPs) as the micro-fillers, phenolic-R resin as the binder, graphite as the dry lubricant, laterite as the co-filler, and coconut coir for natural fiber reinforcement. The effects of increasing the WTRP weight fraction on the brake response of the linings were analyzed, and the different compositions were benchmarked against a commercial brake lining. Mechanical characterization comprising compressive strength, hardness, density, and porosity studies were carried out. Frictional and wear characteristics of the linings were analyzed using a rotary tribometer with simultaneous thermal monitoring. The manufactured lining with 15 wt% WTRPs exhibited a mean friction coefficient of ~0.38, a specific volumetric loss rate of 1,662 µm3/(N·m), and improved thermal response. Using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), wear surface morphology studies compared the relative development of primary and secondary plateaus and revealed the redistribution of wear debris, leading to the stability of the coefficient of friction.
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Abbreviations
- W :
-
Gross vehicle weight of the vehicle (kg)
- N E :
-
Engine speed (RPM)
- N p :
-
Propeller shaft speed (RPM)
- N t :
-
Tire/wheel speed (RPM)
- U :
-
Vehicle speed (m/s)
- μt:
-
Coefficient of friction at the tire-road interface
- μb:
-
Coefficient of friction at brake lining-brake drum interface
- μ av :
-
Average coefficient of friction
- R F :
-
Reaction at the front wheel (N)
- R R :
-
Reaction at the rear wheel (N)
- α :
-
Deceleration due to braking (m/s2)
- g :
-
Acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)
- F bs :
-
Load on the brake shoe (N)
- F s :
-
Normal load on the test specimen (N)
- A bs :
-
Contact area at brake shoe-brake drum interface (m2)
- A s :
-
Contact area at test specimen-counter disc interface (m2)
- σbs :
-
Normal stress on the brake shoe (MPa)
- σs :
-
Normal stress on the test specimen (MPa)
- b :
-
Wheelbase of the vehicle (m)
- x :
-
Horizontal distance of the center of gravity of the vehicle from the rear tire center
- y :
-
Vertical distance of the center of gravity of the vehicle from the ground level
- T s :
-
Temperature at the test specimen-counter disc interface (°C)
- ρ :
-
Density of the test specimen material (kg/m3)
- Δm :
-
Reduction in mass of the test specimen (kg)
- S s :
-
Stopping distance of the vehicle after application of brake (m)
- S t :
-
Running distance for the wear test (m)
- \(\tilde V\) :
-
Specific rate of volumetric loss of brake lining material (m3/(N·m))
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Acknowledgements
The current research work received financial support from the Karnataka State Council for Science and Technology. The authors would like to thank Dr. Satish Shenoy B, professor and head of Department of Aeronautical & Automobile Engineering and the Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology for rendering the necessary infrastructural support for the work.
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Anand PAI. He received his bachelor degree in mechanical engineering in 2005 from National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, India. Then, he served in the Commercial Vehicle Industry for nearly 7 years. Later, he obtained his M.Tech. degree in manufacturing engineering and technology in 2015 from Manipal Institute of Technology (MIT), Manipal, India. He joined the Department of Aeronautical and Automobile Engineering, MIT Manipal as a faculty and is currently pursuing his Ph.D. degree at the same university. His research interests include automotive systems and technology, composite materials, and tribology in automobiles.
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Pai, A., Subramanian, S. & Sood, T. Tribological response of waste tire rubber as micro-fillers in automotive brake lining materials. Friction 8, 1153–1168 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-019-0355-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-019-0355-6