Billat VL, Demarle A, Slawinski J, et al. Physical and training characteristics of top-class marathon runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33:2089–97.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Foster C. VO2 max and training indices as determinants of competitive running performance. J Sports Sci. 1983;1:13–22.
Article
Google Scholar
Farrell PA, Wilmore JH, Coyle EF, et al. Plasma lactate accumulation and distance running performance. Med Sci Sports. 1979;11:338–44.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tanaka K, Matsuura Y. Marathon performance, anaerobic threshold, and onset of blood lactate accumulation. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1984;57:640–3.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Conley DL, Krahenbuhl GS. Running economy and distance running performance of highly trained athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1980;12:357–60.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Morgan DW, Baldini FD, Martin PE, et al. Ten kilometer performance and predicted velocity at VO2max among well-trained male runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1989;21:78–83.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Pollock ML. Submaximal and maximal working capacity of elite distance runners. Part I: cardiorespiratory aspects. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1977;301:310–22.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Daniels JT. A physiologist’s view of running economy. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1985;17:332–8.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Heise GD, Martin PE. Are variations in running economy in humans associated with ground reaction force characteristics? Eur J Appl Physiol. 2001;84:438–42.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Costill DL, Thomason H, Roberts E. Fractional utilization of the aerobic capacity during distance running. Med Sci Sports. 1973;5:248–52.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Santos-Concejero J, Tam N, Granados C, et al. Stride angle as a novel indicator of running economy in well-trained runners. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28:1889–95.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Jones AM. The physiology of the world record holder for the women’s marathon. Int J Sports Sci Coach. 2006;1:101–16.
Article
Google Scholar
Bransford DR, Howley ET. Oxygen cost of running in trained and untrained men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1977;9:41–4.
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Morgan DW, Bransford DR, Costill DL, et al. Variation in the aerobic demand of running among trained and untrained subjects. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995;27:404–9.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Daniels J, Daniels N. Running economy of elite male and elite female runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992;24:483–9.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Helgerud J, Storen O, Hoff J. Are there differences in running economy at different velocities for well-trained distance runners? Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010;108:1099–105.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Barnes KR, Kilding AE. Running economy: measurement, norms, and determining factors. Sports Med Open. 2015;1:8.
PubMed Central
Article
Google Scholar
Saunders PU, Pyne DB, Telford RD, et al. Factors affecting running economy in trained distance runners. Sports Med. 2004;34:465–85.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Barnes KR, Kilding AE. Strategies to improve running economy. Sports Med. 2015;45:37–56.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Jones AM, Carter H. The effect of endurance training on parameters of aerobic fitness. Sports Med. 2000;29:373–86.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Saunders PU, Telford RD, Pyne DB, et al. Short-term plyometric training improves running economy in highly trained middle and long distance runners. J Strength Cond Res. 2006;20:947–54.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Spurrs RW, Murphy AJ, Watsford ML. The effect of plyometric training on distance running performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003;89:1–7.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Turner AM, Owings M, Schwane JA. Improvement in running economy after 6 weeks of plyometric training. J Strength Cond Res. 2003;17:60–7.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Barnes KR, Hopkins WG, McGuigan MR, et al. Effects of resistance training on running economy and cross-country performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45:2322–31.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Guglielmo LGA, Greco CC, Denadai BS. Effects of strength training on running economy. Int J Sports Med. 2009;30:27–32.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Paavolainen L, Hakkinen K, Hamalainen I, et al. Explosive-strength training improves 5-km running time by improving running economy and muscle power. J Appl Physiol. 1999;86:1527–33.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Støren Ø, Helgerud J, Støa EM, et al. Maximal strength training improves running economy in distance runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40:1087–92.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Cheng CF, Cheng KH, Lee YM, et al. Improvement in running economy after 8 weeks of whole-body vibration training. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26:3349–57.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Barnes KR, Hopkins WG, McGuigan MR, et al. Effects of different uphill interval-training programs on running economy and performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perf. 2013;8:639–47.
Google Scholar
Denadai BS, Ortiz MJ, Greco CC, et al. Interval training at 95% and 100% of the velocity at VO2 max: effects on aerobic physiological indexes and running performance. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2006;31:737–43.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Franch J, Madsen K, Djurhuus MS, et al. Improved running economy following intensified training correlates with reduced ventilatory demands. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30:1250–6.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Saunders PU, Pyne DB, Gore CJ. Endurance training at altitude. High Alt Med Biol. 2009;10:135–48.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Saunders PU, Telford RD, Pyne DB, et al. Improved running economy in elite runners after 20 days of simulated moderate-altitude exposure. J Appl Physiol. 2004;96:931–7.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Moore IS, Jones AM, Dixon SJ. Mechanisms for improved running economy in beginner runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44:1756–63.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Beneke R, Hutler M. The effect of training on running economy and performance in recreational athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37:1794–9.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Lake MJ, Cavanagh PR. Six weeks of training does not change running mechanics or improve running economy. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996;28:860–9.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Ramsbottom R, Williams C, Fleming N, et al. Training induced physiological and metabolic changes associated with improvements in running performance. Br J Sports Med. 1989;23:171–6.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Article
Google Scholar
Ferrauti A, Bergermann M, Fernandez-Fernandez J. Effects of a concurrent strength and endurance training on running performance and running economy in recreational marathon runners. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24:2770–8.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Roschel H, Barroso R, Tricoli V, et al. Effects of strength training associated with whole body vibration training on running economy and vertical stiffness. J Strength Cond Res. 2015;29:2215–20.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Cavanagh PR, Williams KR. The effect of stride length variation on oxygen uptake during distance running. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1982;14:30–5.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Tseh W, Caputo JL, Morgan DW. Influence of gait manipulation on running economy in female distance runners. J Sports Sci Med. 2008;7:91–5.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Williams KR, Cavanagh PR. Relationship between distance running mechanics, running economy, and performance. J Appl Physiol. 1987;63:1236–45.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Barnes KR, McGuigan MR, Kilding AE. Lower-body determinants of running economy in male and female distance runners. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28:1289–97.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Dalleau G, Belli A, Bourdin M, et al. The spring-mass model and the energy cost of treadmill running. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1998;77:257–63.
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Abe D, Muraki S, Yanagawa K, et al. Changes in EMG characteristics and metabolic energy cost during 90-min prolonged running. Gait Posture. 2007;26:607–10.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Frost G, Dowling J, Dyson K, et al. Cocontraction in three age groups of children during treadmill locomotion. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 1997;7:179–86.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Heise G, Shinohara M, Binks L. Biarticular leg muscles and links to running economy. Int J Sports Med. 2008;29:688–91.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Moore IS, Jones AM, Dixon SJ. Relationship between metabolic cost and muscular coactivation across running speeds. J Sci Med Sport. 2013;17:671–6.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Franz JR, Wierzbinski CM, Kram R. Metabolic cost of running barefoot versus shod: is lighter better? Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44:1519–25.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Moore IS, Jones AM, Dixon SJ. The pursuit of improved running performance: can changes in cushioning and somatosensory feedback influence running economy and injury risk? Footwear Sci. 2014;6:1–11.
Article
Google Scholar
Perl DP, Daoud AI, Lieberman DE. Effects of footwear and strike type on running economy. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44:1335–43.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Divert C, Mornieux G, Freychat P, et al. Barefoot-shod running differences: shoe or mass effect? Int J Sports Med. 2008;29:512–8.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Tung KD, Franz JR, Kram R. A test of the metabolic cost of cushioning hypothesis during unshod and shod running. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014;46:324–9.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Worobets J, Wannop JW, Tomaras E, et al. Softer and more resilient running shoe cushioning properties enhance running economy. Footwear Sci. 2014;6:147–53.
Article
Google Scholar
Arellano CJ, Kram R. The energetic cost of maintaining lateral balance during human running. J Appl Physiol. 2012;112:427–34.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Arellano CJ, Kram R. The effects of step width and arm swing on energetic cost and lateral balance during running. J Biomech. 2011;44:1291–5.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Hausswirth C, Bigard AX, Guezennec CY. Relationships between running mechanics and energy cost of running at the end of a triathlon and a marathon. Int J Sports Med. 1997;18:330–9.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Anderson T. Biomechanics and running economy. Sports Med. 1996;22:76–89.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
de Ruiter CJ, Verdijk PW, Werker W, et al. Stride frequency in relation to oxygen consumption in experienced and novice runners. Eur J Sport Sci. 2013;14:251–8.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Hunter I, Smith GA. Preferred and optimal stride frequency, stiffness and economy: changes with fatigue during a 1-h high-intensity run. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2007;100:653–61.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Connick MJ, Li FX. Changes in timing of muscle contractions and running economy with altered stride pattern during running. Gait Posture. 2014;39:634–7.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Craighead DH, Lehecka N, King DL. A novel running mechanic’s class changes kinematics but not running economy. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28:3137–45.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Egbuonu ME, Cavanagh PR, Miller TA. Degradation of running economy through changes in running mechanics. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1990;22:S17.
Article
Google Scholar
Fourchet F, Girard O, Kelly L, et al. Changes in leg spring behaviour, plantar loading and foot mobility magnitude induced by an exhaustive treadmill run in adolescent middle-distance runners. J Sci Med Sport. 2014;18:199–203.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Hayes PR, Caplan N. Leg stiffness decreases during a run to exhaustion at the speed at VO2max. Eur J Sport Sci. 2014;14:556–62.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
McKenna MJ, Hargreaves M. Resolving fatigue mechanisms determining exercise performance: integrative physiology at its finest! J Appl Physiol. 2008;104:286–7.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Levine BD. \( \dot{V}\)(O(2), max): what do we know, and what do we still need to know? J Physiol. 2008;586:25–34.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Article
Google Scholar
Halvorsen K, Eriksson M, Gullstrand L. Acute effects of reducing vertical displacement and step frequency on running economy. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26:2065–70.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Teunissen LP, Grabowski A, Kram R. Effects of independently altering body weight and body mass on the metabolic cost of running. J Exp Biol. 2007;210:4418–27.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Slawinski JS, Billat VL. Difference in mechanical and energy cost between highly, well, and nontrained runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36:1440–6.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Williams KR, Cavanagh PR, Ziff JL. Biomechanical studies of elite female distance runners. Int J Sports Med. 1987;8(Suppl 2):107–18.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Eriksson M, Halvorsen KA, Gullstrand L. Immediate effect of visual and auditory feedback to control the running mechanics of well-trained athletes. J Sports Sci. 2011;29:253–62.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Kyrolainen H, Belli A, Komi PV. Biomechanical factors affecting running economy. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33:1330–7.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Storen O, Helgerud J, Hoff J. Running stride peak forces inversely determine running economy in elite runners. J Strength Cond Res. 2011;25:117–23.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Williams KR, Cavanagh PR. Biomechanical correlates with running economy in elite distance runners. Proceedings of the North American Congress on Biomechanics. Montreal; 1986. p. 287–8.
Di Michele R, Merni F. The concurrent effects of strike pattern and ground-contact time on running economy. J Sci Med Sport. 2013;17:414–8.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Nummela AT, Keranen T, Mikkelsson LO. Factors related to top running speed and economy. Int J Sports Med. 2007;28:655–61.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Roberts TJ, Kram R, Weyand PG, et al. Energetics of bipedal running. I. Metabolic cost of generating force. J Exp Biol. 1998;201:2745–51.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kram R, Taylor CR. Energetics of running: a new perspective. Nature. 1990;346:265–7.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Kaneko M, Ito A, Fuchimoto T, et al. Influence of running speed on the mechanical efficiency of sprinters and distance runners. In: Winter DA, Norman RW, Wells RP, Heyes KC, Patla AE, editors. Biomechanics IX-B. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 1985. p. 307–12.
Google Scholar
Nummela AT, Paavolainen L, Sharwood KA, et al. Neuromuscular factors determining 5 km running performance and running economy in well-trained athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006;97:1–8.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Kong PW, De Heer H. Anthropometric, gait and strength characteristics of Kenyan distance runners. J Sports Sci Med. 2008;7:499–504.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ardigo LP, Lafortuna C, Minetti AE, et al. Metabolic and mechanical aspects of foot landing type, forefoot and rearfoot strike, in human running. Acta Physiol Scand. 1995;155:17–22.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Arendse RE, Noakes TD, Azevedo LB, et al. Reduced eccentric loading of the knee with the pose running method. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36:272–7.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Fletcher G, Bartlett R, Romanov N, et al. Pose® method technique improves running performance without economy changes. Int J Sports Sci Coach. 2008;3:365–80.
Article
Google Scholar
Heiderscheit BC, Chumanov ES, Michalski MP, et al. Effects of step rate manipulation on joint mechanics during running. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43:296–302.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Article
Google Scholar
Lieberman DE, Warrener AG, Wang J, et al. Effects of stride frequency and foot position at landing on braking force, hip torque, impact peak force and the metabolic cost of running in humans. J Exp Biol. 2015;218:3406–14.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Sinclair J, Taylor PJ, Edmundson CJ, et al. The influence of footwear kinetic, kinematic and electromyographical parameters on the energy requirements of steady state running. Mov Sport Sci. 2013;80:39–49.
Article
Google Scholar
Cavanagh PR, Pollock ML, Landa J. A biomechanical comparison of elite and good distance runners. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1977;301:328–45.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Rassier DE, MacIntosh BR, Herzog W. Length dependence of active force production in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol. 1999;86:1445–57.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Carrier D, Heglund N, Earls K. Variable gearing during locomotion in the human musculoskeletal system. Science. 1994;265:651–3.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Royer TD, Martin PE. Manipulations of leg mass and moment of inertia: effects on energy cost of walking. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37:649–56.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Santos-Concejero J, Tam N, Granados C, et al. Interaction effects of stride angle and strike pattern on running economy. Int J Sports Med. 2014;35:1118–23.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Santos-Concejero J, Granados C, Irazusta J, et al. Differences in ground contact time explain the less efficient running economy in North African runners. Biol Sport. 2013;30:181–7.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Article
Google Scholar
Messier SP, Cirillo KJ. Effects of a verbal and visual feedback system on running technique, perceived exertion and running economy in female novice runners. J Sports Sci. 1989;7:113–26.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Warne JP, Warrington GD. Four-week habituation to simulated barefoot running improves running economy when compared with shod running. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2014;24:563–8.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Hasegawa H, Yamauchi T, Kraemer WJ. Foot strike patterns of runners at the 15-km point during an elite-level half marathon. J Strength Cond Res. 2007;21:888–93.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lieberman DE, Venkadesan M, Werbel WA, et al. Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners. Nature. 2010;463:531–5.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Jenkins DW, Cauthon DJ. Barefoot running claims and controversies: a review of the literature. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2011;101:231–46.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Gruber AH, Umberger BR, Braun B, et al. Economy and rate of carbohydrate oxidation during running with rearfoot and forefoot strike patterns. J Appl Physiol. 2013;115:194–201.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Cunningham CB, Schilling N, Anders C, et al. The influence of foot posture on the cost of transport in humans. J Exp Biol. 2010;213:790–7.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Ogueta-Alday A, Rodriguez-Marroyo JA, Garcia-Lopez J. Rearfoot striking runners are more economical than midfoot strikers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014;46:580–5.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Farley CT, McMahon TA. Energetics of walking and running: insights from simulated reduced-gravity experiments. J Appl Physiol. 1992;73:2709–12.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Taylor CR, Heglund NC, McMahon TA, et al. Energetic cost of generating muscular force during running: a comparison of large and small animals. J Exp Biol. 1980;86:9–18.
Google Scholar
Chang YH, Kram R. Metabolic cost of generating horizontal forces during human running. J Appl Physiol. 1999;86:1657–62.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Arellano CJ, Kram R. Partitioning the metabolic cost of human running: a task-by-task approach. Integr Comp Biol. 2014;54:1084–98.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Article
Google Scholar
Moore IS, Jones AM, Dixon SJ. Reduced oxygen cost of running is related to alignment of the resultant GRF and leg axis vector: a pilot study. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015. doi:10.1111/sms.12514.
Google Scholar
Cavagna GA, Franzetti P, Heglund NC, et al. The determinants of the step frequency in running, trotting and hopping in man and other vertebrates. J Physiol. 1988;399:81–92.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Article
Google Scholar
Butler RJ, Crowell HP 3rd, Davis IM. Lower extremity stiffness: implications for performance and injury. Clin Biomech. 2003;18:511–7.
Article
Google Scholar
Divert C, Baur H, Mornieux G, et al. Stiffness adaptations in shod running. J Appl Biomech. 2005;21:311–21.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kerdok AE, Biewener AA, McMahon TA, et al. Energetics and mechanics of human running on surfaces of different stiffnesses. J Appl Physiol. 2002;92:469–78.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Lussiana T, Fabre N, Hebert-Losier K, et al. Effect of slope and footwear on running economy and kinematics. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2013;23:246–53.
Article
Google Scholar
Lussiana T, Hébert-Losier K, Mourot L. Effect of minimal shoes and slope on vertical and leg stiffness during running. J Sport Health Sci. 2015;4:195–202.
Article
Google Scholar
Morin JB, Samozino P, Zameziati K, et al. Effects of altered stride frequency and contact time on leg-spring behavior in human running. J Biomech. 2007;40:3341–8.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Ruan M, Li L. Approach run increases preactivation and eccentric phases muscle activity during drop jumps from different drop heights. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2010;20:932–8.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Muller R, Grimmer S, Blickhan R. Running on uneven ground: leg adjustments by muscle pre-activation control. Hum Mov Sci. 2010;29:299–310.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Boyer KA, Nigg BM. Muscle activity in the leg is tuned in response to impact force characteristics. J Biomech. 2004;37:1583–8.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Boyer KA, Nigg BM. Changes in muscle activity in response to different impact forces affect soft tissue compartment mechanical properties. J Biomech Eng. 2007;129:594–602.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Nigg BM, Stefanyshyn DJ, Cole G, et al. The effect of material characteristics of shoe soles on muscle activiation and energy aspects during running. J Biomech. 2003;36:569–75.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Saunders PU, Pyne DB, Telford RD, et al. Reliability and variability of running economy in elite distance runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36:1972–6.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Bourdin M, Belli A, Arsac LM, et al. Effect of vertical loading on energy cost and kinematics of running in trained male subjects. J Appl Physiol. 1995;79:2078–85.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pinnington HC, Dawson B. The energy cost of running on grass compared to soft dry beach sand. J Sci Med Sport. 2001;4:416–30.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Pinnington HC, Lloyd DG, Besier TF, et al. Kinematic and electromyography analysis of submaximal differences running on a firm surface compared with soft, dry sand. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2005;94:242–53.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Chapman AR, Vicenzino B, Blanch P, et al. Is running less skilled in triathletes than runners matched for running training history? Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40:557–65.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Montgomery WH 3rd, Pink M, Perry J. Electromyographic analysis of hip and knee musculature during running. Am J Sports Med. 1994;22:272–8.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Kelly LA, Girard O, Racinais S. Effect of orthoses on changes in neuromuscular control and eerobic cost of a 1-h run. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43:2335–43.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Burke JR, Papuga MO. Effects of foot orthotics on running economy: methodological considerations. J Manip Physiol Ther. 2012;35:327–36.
Article
Google Scholar
Burkett LN, Kohrt WM, Buchbinder R. Effects of shoes and foot orthotics on VO2 and selected frontal plane knee kinematics. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1985;17:158–63.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Fuller JT, Bellenger CR, Thewlis D, et al. The effect of footwear on running performance and running economy in distance runners. Sports Med. 2014;45:411–22.
Article
Google Scholar
Scholz MN, Bobbert MF, Van Soest AJ, et al. Running biomechanics: shorter heels, better economy. J Exp Biol. 2008;211:3266–71.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Roy J-PR, Stefanyshyn DJ. Shoe midsole longitudinal bending stiffness and running economy, joint energy, and EMG. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38:562–9.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Luo G, Stergiou P, Worobets J, et al. Improved footwear comfort reduces oxygen consumption during running. Footwear Sci. 2009;1:25–9.
Article
Google Scholar
Frederick EC, Howley ET, Powers S. Lower oxygen demands of running in soft-soled shoes. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1986;57:174–7.
Article
Google Scholar
Frederick EC, Clarke TE, Larsen JL, et al. The effect of shoe cushioning on the oxygen demands on running. In: Nigg BM, Kerr BA, editors. Biomechanical aspects of sports shoes and playing surfaces. Calgary: University of Calgary; 1983. p. 107–14.
Google Scholar
Lejeune TM, Willems PA, Heglund NC. Mechanics and energetics of human locomotion on sand. J Exp Biol. 1998;201:2071–80.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chen C-H, Tu K-H, Liu C, et al. Effects of forefoot bending elasticity of running shoes on gait and running performance. Hum Mov Sci. 2014;38:163–72.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
McCallion C, Donne B, Fleming N, et al. Acute differences in foot strike and spatiotemporal variables for shod, barefoot or minimalist male runners. J Sports Sci Med. 2014;13:280–6.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Vincent HK, Montero C, Conrad BP, et al. Metabolic responses of running shod and barefoot in mid-forefoot runners. J Sports Med Phys Fit. 2014;54:447–55.
CAS
Google Scholar
De Wit B, De Clercq D, Aerts P. Biomechanical analysis of the stance phase during barefoot and shod running. J Biomech. 2000;33:269–78.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Moore IS, Pitt W, Nunns M, et al. Effects of a seven-week minimalist footwear transition programme on footstrike modality, pressure variables and loading rates. Footwear Sci. 2014;7:17–29.
Article
Google Scholar
Chambon N, Delattre N, Gueguen N, et al. Is midsole thickness a key parameter for the running pattern? Gait Posture. 2014;40:58–63.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Squadrone R, Gallozzi C. Biomechanical and physiological comparison of barefoot and two shod conditions in experienced barefoot runners. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2009;49:6–13.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Paquette MR, Zhang S, Baumgartner LD. Acute effects of barefoot, minimal shoes and running shoes on lower limb mechanics in rear and forefoot strike runners. Footwear Sci. 2013;5:9–18.
Article
Google Scholar
Hamill J, Russell E, Gruber A, et al. Impact characteristics in shod and barefoot running. Footwear Sci. 2011;3:33–40.
Article
Google Scholar
Breine B, Malcolm P, Frederick EC, et al. Relationship between running apeed and initial foot contact patterns. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014;46:1595–603. doi:10.249/MSS.0000000000000267.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Allison HG, JuliaFreedman S, Peter B, et al. Footfall patterns during barefoot running on harder and softer surfaces. Footwear Sci. 2013;5:39–44.
Article
Google Scholar
Moore IS, Dixon SJ. Changes in sagittal plane kinematics with treadmill familiarization to barefoot running. J Appl Biomech. 2014;30:626–31.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Hinrichs RN. Upper extremity function in running II: angular momentum considerations. J Appl Biomech. 1987;3:242–63.
Google Scholar
Arellano CJ, Kram R. The metabolic cost of human running: is swinging the arms worth it? J Exp Biol. 2014;217:2456–61.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Pontzer H, Holloway JH 4th, Raichlen DA, et al. Control and function of arm swing in human walking and running. J Exp Biol. 2009;212:523–34.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Miller RH, Caldwell GE, Van Emmerik RE, et al. Ground reaction forces and lower extremity kinematics when running with suppressed arm swing. J Biomech Eng. 2009;131:124502.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
White JL, Scurr JC, Smith NA. The effect of breast support on kinetics during overground running performance. Ergonomics. 2009;52:492–8.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Milligan A, Mills C, Corbett J, et al. The influence of breast support on torso, pelvis and arm kinematics during a five kilometer treadmill run. Hum Mov Sci. 2015;42:246–60.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Milligan A. The effect of breast support on running biomechanics. PhD thesis. University of Portsmouth; 2013. http://eprints.port.ac.uk/14846/. Accessed 10 Dec 2015.
Morgan DW, Martin P, Craib M, et al. Effect of step length optimization on the aerobic demand of running. J Appl Physiol. 1994;77:245–51.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bailey SP, Messier SP. Variations in stride length and running economy in male novice runners subsequent to a seven-week training program. Int J Sports Med. 1991;12:299–304.
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Dallam GM, Wilber RL, Jadelis K, et al. Effect of a global alteration of running technique on kinematics and economy. J Sports Sci. 2005;23:757–64.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Romanov N, Fletcher G. Runners do not push off the ground but fall forwards via a gravitational torque. Sports Biomech. 2007;6:434–52.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Crowell HP, Davis IS. Gait retraining to reduce lower extremity loading in runners. Clin Biomech. 2011;26:78–83.
Article
Google Scholar
Davis IS, Crowell HP, Fellin RE, et al. Reduced impact loading following gait retraining over a 6-month period. Gait Posture. 2009;30:S4–5.
Article
Google Scholar
Diebal AR, Gregory R, Alitz C, et al. Forefoot running improves pain and disability associated with chronic exertional compartment syndrome. Am J Physiol. 2012;40:1060–7.
Google Scholar
Willy RW, Scholz JP, Davis IS. Mirror gait retraining for the treatment of patellofemoral pain in female runners. Clin Biomech. 2012;27:1045–51.
Article
Google Scholar
Clansey AC, Hanlon M, Wallace ES, et al. Influence of tibial shock feedback training on impact loading and running economy. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014;46:973–81.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Willwacher S, König M, Braunstein B, et al. The gearing function of running shoe longitudinal bending stiffness. Gait Posture. 2014;40:386–90.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Williams KR. Biomechanical factors contributing to marathon race success. Sports Med. 2007;37:420–3.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar