Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids. Washington: National Academies Press; 2005.
Google Scholar
WHO Technical Report Series 935. Protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition: report of a joint FAO/WHO/UNU expert consultation. WHO; 2011.
Phillips SM, Hartman JW, Wilkinson SB. Dietary protein to support anabolism with resistance exercise in young men. J Am Coll Nutr. 2005;24:134S–9S.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Phillips SM. Protein requirements and supplementation in strength sports. Nutrition. 2004;20:689–95.
PubMed
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Rodriguez NR, Di Marco NM, Langley S. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Nutrition and athletic performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41:709–31.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Weinheimer EM, Sands LP, Campbell WW. A systematic review of the separate and combined effects of energy restriction and exercise on fat-free mass in middle-aged and older adults: implications for sarcopenic obesity. Nutr Rev. 2010;68:375–88.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Chaston TB, Dixon JB, O’Brien PE. Changes in fat-free mass during significant weight loss: a systematic review. Int J Obes (Lond). 2007;31:743–50.
CAS
Google Scholar
Garthe I, Raastad T, Refsnes PE, et al. Effect of two different weight-loss rates on body composition and strength and power-related performance in elite athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2011;21:97–104.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Josse AR, Atkinson SA, Tarnopolsky MA, et al. Increased consumption of dairy foods and protein during diet- and exercise-induced weight loss promotes fat mass loss and lean mass gain in overweight and obese premenopausal women. J Nutr. 2011;141:1626–34.
PubMed
Article
CAS
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Haakonssen EC, Martin DT, Burke LM, et al. Increased lean mass with reduced fat mass in an elite female cyclist returning to competition: case study. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2013;8:699–701.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moore DR, Robinson MJ, Fry JL, et al. Ingested protein dose response of muscle and albumin protein synthesis after resistance exercise in young men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:161–8.
PubMed
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Witard OC, Jackman SR, Breen L, et al. Myofibrillar muscle protein synthesis rates subsequent to a meal in response to increasing doses of whey protein at rest and after resistance exercise. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;99:86–95.
PubMed
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Atherton PJ, Etheridge T, Watt PW, et al. Muscle full effect after oral protein: time-dependent concordance and discordance between human muscle protein synthesis and mTORC1 signaling. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;92:1080–8.
PubMed
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Moore DR, Churchward-Venne TA, Witard O, et al. Protein ingestion to stimulate myofibrillar protein synthesis requires greater relative protein intakes in healthy older versus younger men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. Epub 23 Jul 2014.
Areta JL, Burke LM, Ross ML, et al. Timing and distribution of protein ingestion during prolonged recovery from resistance exercise alters myofibrillar protein synthesis. J Physiol. 2013;591:2319–30.
PubMed
CAS
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Res PT, Groen B, Pennings B, et al. Protein ingestion prior to sleep improves post-exercise overnight recovery. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44:1560–9.
PubMed
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Bohe J, Low JF, Wolfe RR, et al. Latency and duration of stimulation of human muscle protein synthesis during continuous infusion of amino acids. J Physiol. 2001;532:575–9.
PubMed
Article
CAS
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Westerterp KR. Diet induced thermogenesis. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2004;1:5.
PubMed
Article
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Nieuwenhuizen A, Tome D, et al. Dietary protein, weight loss, and weight maintenance. Annu Rev Nutr. 2009;29:21–41.
PubMed
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Halton TL, Hu FB. The effects of high protein diets on thermogenesis, satiety and weight loss: a critical review. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004;23:373–85.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Wycherley TP, Moran LJ, Clifton PM, et al. Effects of energy-restricted high-protein, low-fat compared with standard-protein, low-fat diets: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96:1281–98.
PubMed
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Krieger JW, Sitren HS, Daniels MJ, et al. Effects of variation in protein and carbohydrate intake on body mass and composition during energy restriction: a meta-regression. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83:260–74.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Simpson SJ, Raubenheimer D. Obesity: the protein leverage hypothesis. Obes Rev. 2005;6:133–42.
PubMed
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Gosby AK, Conigrave AD, Lau NS, et al. Testing protein leverage in lean humans: a randomised controlled experimental study. PLoS One. 2011;6:e25929.
PubMed
Article
CAS
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Martens EA, Lemmens SG, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Protein leverage affects energy intake of high-protein diets in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;97:86–93.
PubMed
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Gosby AK, Conigrave AD, Raubenheimer D, et al. Protein leverage and energy intake. Obes Rev. 2014;15(3):183-191.
Burke LM, Hawley JA. Fat and carbohydrate for exercise. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2006;9:476–81.
PubMed
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Havemann L, West SJ, Goedecke JH, et al. Fat adaptation followed by carbohydrate loading compromises high-intensity sprint performance. J Appl Physiol. 1985;2006(100):194–202.
Google Scholar
Burke LM, Hawley JA, Wong SH, et al. Carbohydrates for training and competition. J Sports Sci. 2011;29(Suppl 1):S17–27.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Stellingwerff T, Maughan RJ, Burke LM. Nutrition for power sports: middle-distance running, track cycling, rowing, canoeing/kayaking, and swimming. J Sports Sci. 2011;29(Suppl 1):S79–89.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Frimel TN, Sinacore DR, Villareal DT. Exercise attenuates the weight-loss-induced reduction in muscle mass in frail obese older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40:1213–9.
PubMed
Article
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mero AA, Huovinen H, Matintupa O, et al. Moderate energy restriction with high protein diet results in healthier outcome in women. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2010;7:4.
PubMed
Article
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mettler S, Mitchell N, Tipton KD. Increased protein intake reduces lean body mass loss during weight loss in athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42:326–37.
PubMed
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Helms ER, Zinn C, Rowlands DS, et al. A systematic review of dietary protein during caloric restriction in resistance trained lean athletes: a case for higher intakes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2013;24:127–38.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Maestu J, Eliakim A, Jurimae J, et al. Anabolic and catabolic hormones and energy balance of the male bodybuilders during the preparation for the competition. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24:1074–81.
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Walberg JL, Leidy MK, Sturgill DJ, et al. Macronutrient content of a hypoenergy diet affects nitrogen retention and muscle function in weight lifters. Int J Sports Med. 1988;9:261–6.
PubMed
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Bosse JD, Dixon BM. Dietary protein in weight management: a review proposing protein spread and change theories. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2012;9:81.
PubMed
Article
CAS
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Pasiakos SM, Cao JJ, Margolis LM, et al. Effects of high-protein diets on fat-free mass and muscle protein synthesis following weight loss: a randomized controlled trial. FASEB J. 2013;27:3837–47.
PubMed
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Churchward-Venne TA, Murphy CH, Longland TM, et al. Role of protein and amino acids in promoting lean mass accretion with resistance exercise and attenuating lean mass loss during energy deficit in humans. Amino Acids. 2013;45:231–40.
PubMed
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Fouque D, Laville M. Low protein diets for chronic kidney disease in non diabetic adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(3):CD001892.
Google Scholar
Martin WF, Armstrong LE, Rodriguez NR. Dietary protein intake and renal function. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005;2:25.
PubMed
Article
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Poortmans JR, Dellalieux O. Do regular high protein diets have potential health risks on kidney function in athletes? Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2000;10:28–38.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Nutrient reference values for Australia and New Zealand: macronutrient balance. 2014.
Brandle E, Sieberth HG, Hautmann RE. Effect of chronic dietary protein intake on the renal function in healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1996;50:734–40.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar