Abstract
In Riemannian manifolds, there exists a canonical Riemannian metric on the product of them (Lee in Riemannian geometry an introduction to curvature, Springer, New York, 1997). But at the product of Finsler manifolds, the canonical Finsler metric has not been defined. In this paper, we are going to study the product of Finsler manifolds and give a canonical Finsler metric on it.
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Historical remarks
The section brings a survey of Finsler geometry and product manifolds; a Finsler metric on a manifold is a collection of Minkowski norms \( F_{x} \) in tangent space at x such that \( F_{x} \) varies smoothly in x.
In 1854, Reimann introduced the geometry based on the element of arc length
where F is positively homogeneous of degree 1 in \( dx^{i} \) [2, 3]. For more than half a century, there had been no progress until P.Finsler introduced the Riemannian–Finsler geometry (Finsler geometry for short) in his thesis in 1918. A Finsler metric \(F=F(x,y) \) is defined on tanget bundle TM, such that gives a for \( x\in M \) by Minkowski norm [4,5,6,7],
Chern and Shen are defined product metric on Finsler spaces [8] as:
(1) For Finsler manifolds \( (M_{1},F_{1}) \) and \((M_{2},F_{2}), \) \( x=(x_{1},x_{2}) \in M=M_{1}\times M_{2}\) and \(y=(y_{1},y_{2})\in T_{(x_{1},x_{2})}(M_{1}\times M_{2})\), let \( F: M=M_{1}\times M_{2} \mapsto [0,\infty ) \) are defined by
Then F is Finsler metric on \( M_{1}\times M_{2} \), where \(T_{x}M=T_{x_{1}}M_{1}\oplus T_{x_{2}}M_{2} \).
(2) For Riemannian manifolds \( (M_{1},g_{1}) , (M_{2},g_{2}) \) let \( f:[0, \infty )\times [0,\infty )\mapsto [0,\infty ) \) be a \( c^{\infty } \) function satisfying:
\(f(\lambda s,\lambda t)=\lambda f(s,t), \forall \lambda > 0, \) and \( f(s,t)>0, \forall (s,t)\ne (0,0). \)
Then for all \( (x_{1}, x_{2}) \in M_{1} \times M_{2} \) and \( (y_{1}, y_{2}) \in TM_{1} \times TM_{2} ,\) F defined function by
is a Finsler metric \( M=M_{1}\times M_{2}\).
(3) Kozma et al. have defined a Twisted Products Finsler Manifolds [9] as:
Let \( (M_{1},F_{1}) ,(M_{2},F_{2}) \) be two Finsler manifolds and \( M=M_{1}\times M_{2} \), then for all \( (x_{1}, x_{2}) \in M_{1} \times M_{2} \) and \( (y_{1},y_{2})\in T_{(x_{1},x_{2})}(M_{1}\times M_{2})-\{(0,0)\}\equiv (T_{x_{1}}M_{1}-\{0\})\times (T_{x_{2}}M_{2}-\{0\}) \) and \( c^{\infty } \) function \( f : M_{1} \times M_{2} \mapsto R^{+} \), the Twisted Products metric is defined by
\((y_{1}, y_{2}) \in TM_{1}-\left\{ 0\right\} \)
In this paper, we are going to generalize a new product Finsler metric F on \( M=M_{1}\times M_{2}\), then we call (M, F) as canonical product Finsler manifolds.
Introduction and preliminaries
We recall some definitions and fundamental results in Finsler geometry.
Definition 2.1
Let V be a n-dimensional real vector space. A Minkowski norm on V is a functional F on V, which is smooth on \(V-\lbrace 0\rbrace \) and satisfies the following conditions:
-
(1)
\(F(u)\ge 0, \ \forall \ u\in V;\)
-
(2)
\(F(\lambda u)=\lambda F(u), \ \forall \ \lambda >0, \ \forall u\in V\);
-
(3)
for any basis \(e_{1}, \ldots , e_{n}\) of V, write \(F(y)= F(y^{1}, \ldots , y^{n})\), \(y=y^{j}e_{j}\). Then the Hessian matrix
$$\begin{aligned} (g_{ij}):=\left( \left[ \dfrac{1}{2}F^{2}\right] _{y^{i}y^{j}}\right) \end{aligned}$$is positive definite at any point of \(V-\lbrace 0\rbrace \).
The pair (V, F) is called Minkowski space.
Definition 2.2
Let M be a (connected) smooth manifold. A Finsler metric on M is a function \(F: TM\rightarrow [0, +\,\infty )\) such that
-
(1)
F is \(C^{\infty }\) on the slit tangent bundle \(TM-\lbrace 0\rbrace \);
-
(2)
The restriction of F to any \(T_{p}M\), \(p\in M\) is a Minkowski norm.
The pair (M, F) is called Finsler manifold or Finsler space.
Let (M, F) be a Finsler space and \((x^{1}, \ldots , x^{n})\) be a local coordinate system on an open subset U of M. Then \(\left\{ \dfrac{\partial }{\partial x^{1}}, \ldots , \dfrac{\partial }{\partial x^{n}} \right\} \) form a basis for the tangent space at any point in U.
Theorem 2.3
(Euler’s) Suppose a real-valued H on \(R^{n}\) is differentiable away from the origin of \(R^{n}\). Then the following two statements are equivalent [5]
-
(I)
H is positively homogeneous of degree r. That is:
$$\begin{aligned} H(\lambda y)=\lambda ^{r} H(y);\quad \forall \ \lambda ,\quad \lambda >0 \end{aligned}$$ -
(II)
The radial directional derivative of H is r times H. Namely,
$$\begin{aligned} y^{i}H_{y^{i}}(y)=rH(y). \end{aligned}$$
Corollary 2.4
Let F be positively homogeneous of degree 1 on \(R^{n}\). By using Euler’s theorem, we can show that:
-
(a)
\(y^{i}F_{y^{i}}=F.\)
-
(b)
\(y^{i}F_{y^{i}y^{j}}=0.\)
-
(c)
\(y^{k}F_{y^{i}y^{j}y^{k}}=-F_{y^{i}y^{j}.}\)
-
(d)
\(y^{l}F_{y^{i}y^{j}y^{k}y^{l}}=-2F_{y^{i}y^{j}y^{k}}.\)
Corollary 2.5
Let (M, F) be a Finsler manifold . Then \(F^{2}\) defined by:
\(F_{p}^{2}(y)=(F_{p}(y))^{2}\); for all \( p\in M \) and \( y\in T_{p}M\); is a positively homogeneous function of degree 2 on \( T_{p}M \).
Corollary 2.6
Let (M, F) be a Finsler manifolds. Then
For simplicity, we put \( F_{1}(y_{1}) ,F_{2}(y_{2})\);
as \( F_{p_{1}}(y_{1}) , F_{p_{2}}(y_{2})\), respectively. \(\left( i.e : F_{1}=F_{p_{1}} , F_{2}=F_{p_{2}} \right). \)
Proposition 2.7
Let (M, F) be a Finsler manifold of dimension n. Then
Proof
By definition and Corollary 2.6, we have:
\(\square \)
Minkowski structure on product of Finsler manifolds
Theorem 3.1
Let \((M_{1},F_{1})\), \((M_{2},F_{2})\) be Finsler Manifolds of dimensions n and m, respectively. Suppose that \( (p_{1},p_{2}) \in M_{1}\times M_{2}\) and \(F_{(p_{1},p_{2})}: T_{(p_{1},p_{2})}(M_{1}\times M_{2}) \rightarrow \left[ 0,+\,\infty \right) \) be a function defined by: \(F_{(p_{1},p_{2})}(y_{1},y_{2}):=(F_{1} \oplus F_{2})_{(p_{1},p_{2})}(y_{1},y_{2}):=F_{1}(y_{1})+ F_{2}(y_{2})\), \(\forall (y_{1},y_{2}) \in T_{(p_{1},p_{2})}(M_{1}\times M_{2})\). Then,
-
(I)
\(F_{(p_{1},p_{2})}(y_{1},y_{2}) \ge 0 , \quad \forall (y_{1},y_{2}) \in T_{(p_{1},p_{2})}(M_{1},M_{2})\).
-
(II)
\(F_{(p_{1},p_{2})}(\lambda y_{1},\lambda y_{2})=\lambda F_{(p_{1},p_{2})}(y_{1},y_{2}); \,\, \forall \lambda > 0,\,\, \forall (y_{1},y_{2}) \in T_{(p_{1},p_{2})}(M_{1},M_{2})\).
Proof
-
(I)
Since for all \( y_{1} \in T_{p_{1}}M_{1} ; F_{1}(y_{1}) \ge 0 \) and for all \( y_{2} \in T_{p_{2}}M_{2} ; F_{2}(y_{2}) \ge 0 \), it follows that \( F_{(p_{1},p_{2})}(y_{1},y_{2}) \ge 0 .\)
-
(II)
By the definition of Finsler metric, we have \(\forall \lambda >0 \), \( F_{1}(\lambda y_{1})=\lambda F_{1}(y_{1}), F_{2}(\lambda y_{2})=\lambda F_{2}(y_{2}).\) It follows that \( F_{(p_{1},p_{2})}(\lambda y_{1},\lambda y_{2})=\lambda F_{(p_{1},p_{2})}(y_{1},y_{2}); \,\, \forall \lambda >0\).
\(\square \)
Let us denote by
and
Theorem 3.2
Let \((M_{1},F_{1})\), \((M_{2},F_{2})\) be Finsler Manifolds of dimensions n and m, respectively. Suppose that \( (p_{1},p_{2}) \in M_{1}\times M_{2} \) and \(F_{(p_{1},p_{2})}: T_{(p_{1},p_{2})}(M_{1}\times M_{2}) \rightarrow \left[ 0,+\,\infty \right) \) be a function defined by:
\(F_{(p_{1},p_{2})}(y_{1},y_{2}):=(F_{1}\oplus F_{2})_{(p_{1},p_{2})}(y_{1},y_{2}):=F_{1}(y_{1})+ F_{2}(y_{2})\), \(\forall (y_{1},y_{2}) \in T_{(p_{1},p_{2})}(M_{1},M_{2})\). Then the Hessian matrix \(\left( g_{ij}\right) :=\left( \left[ \frac{1}{2}F^{2}\right] _{y^{i}y^{j}}\right) \,\,(y\ne 0)\) is positively definite.
Proof
By the definition of positive definiteness in linear algebra, it is sufficient to show that:
\(\forall y=(y_{1},y_{2}) \in T_{(p_{1},p_{2})}(M_{1}\times M_{2})-\lbrace 0\rbrace \), we have
where \(y_{1}=(y_{1}^{1},\ldots y_{1}^{n}) \in T_{p_{1}}M_{1}-\lbrace 0\rbrace \) and \( y_{2}=(y_{2}^{1},\ldots y_{2}^{m}) \in T_{p_{2}}M_{2}-\lbrace 0\rbrace \). \( [y]^{t} \) is transpose of matrix [y]. According to the definition of F, we have
We now compute the Hessian matrix of component at slit tangent space
\(T_{(p_{1},p_{2})}(M_{1}\times M_{2})-\lbrace 0 \rbrace \) that is:
For simplicity, we write \( \left( g_{ij}\right) \) as, \(\begin{pmatrix} A_{11} &{} A_{12}\\ A_{21} &{} A_{22} \end{pmatrix} \) where \( A_{11}, A_{12} , A_{21} \) and \( A_{22} \) are matrices, where.
By definition of F and its partial derivatives, we have:
It can be seen that:
and
and
This give the Hessian matrix \((g_{ij}):=\left( \left[ \frac{1}{2}F^{2}\right] _{y^{i}y^{j}}\right) = \begin{pmatrix} A_{11} &{}\quad A_{12}\\ A_{12} &{}\quad A_{22} \end{pmatrix}\).
It is sufficient to show that: \(\forall (y_{1},y_{2})\in T_{(p_{1},p_{2})}(M_{1}\times M_{2})-\lbrace 0\rbrace \) we have:
In the first expression by Corollaries 2.4 (b), and 2.5, 2.6 and Proposition 2.7, it follows that
In the second expression,
Then we will have
Therefore \(\left[ y\right] ^{t}\left[ g_{ij}\right] \left[ y\right] =\left[ F_{1}^{2}(y_{1})+2F_{1}(y_{1})F_{2}(y_{2})+F_{2}^{2}(y_{2})\right] =\left[ F_{1}(y_{1})+F_{2}(y_{2})\right] ^{2}\). It is clear that \(\forall y=(y_{1},y_{2}) \in T_{(p_{1},p_{2})}(M_{1}\times M_{2})-\lbrace 0\rbrace \) we will have
And since the Hessian matrix \((g_{ij}):=\left( \left[ \frac{1}{2}F^{2}\right] _{y^{i}y^{j} }\right) ; (y\ne 0) \) is positive definite. \(\square \)
Corollary 3.3
Let \((M_{1},F_{1})\), \((M_{2},F_{2})\) be Finsler Manifolds of dimensions n and m, respectively. Suppose that \( (p_{1},p_{2}) \in M_{1}\times M_{2} \) and \( F_{(p_{1},p_{2})}: T_{(p_{1},p_{2})}(M_{1}\times M_{2}) \rightarrow \left[ 0,+\,\infty \right) \) be a function defined by:
Then \(F_{(p_{1},p_{2})}: T_{(p_{1},p_{2})}(M_{1}\times M_{2}) \rightarrow \left[ 0,+\,\infty \right) \) is a Minkowski norm.
Proof
The proof is result of Theorems 3.1 and 3.2. \(\square \)
Theorem 3.4
Let \((M_{1},F_{1})\), \((M_{2},F_{2}) \) be Finsler manifolds of dimensions n and m, respectively. Then the function \(F : T(M_{1}\times M_{2})\rightarrow \left[ 0,+ \infty \right) \) defined by:
is a \(c^{\infty } \)-function on the slit‘ tangent bundle \(T(M_{1}\times M_{2}-\left\{ 0 \right\} \).
Proof
Since \(F_{1} \) and \( F_{2} \) are \( c^{\infty } \)-functions, it follows that vector function \( \theta :T_{p_{1}}M_{1}\oplus T_{p_{2}}M_{2}\rightarrow \left[ 0,+\,\infty \right) \times \left[ 0,+\,\infty \right) \) defined by: \( \theta (y_{1},y_{2})=\left( F_{1}(y_{1}),F_{2}(y_{2})\right) \) is a \( c^{\infty } \) -function, and so \( \lambda : R\times R \rightarrow R \) defined by \( \lambda (s,t)=s+t \) is a \( c^{\infty } \)-function. It follows that \( F_{(p_{1},p_{2})}=\lambda o \theta \) is a \( c^{\infty } \) -function on \( T(M_{1}\times M_{2})-\left\{ 0 \right\} \).
As the restriction of F to any \(T_{(p_{1},p_{2})}(M_{1}\times M_{2})-\left\{ 0 \right\} \) is \( c^{\infty }, \) we have F is a \( c^{\infty } \) function on the slit tangent bundle \( T(M_{1}\times M_{2})-\left\{ 0 \right\} \). \(\square \)
Finsler structure on product of Finsler manifolds
Theorem 4.1
Let \((M_{1},F_{1})\), \((M_{2},F_{2}) \) be Finsler manifolds of dimensions n and m, respectively. Then the function \(F : T(M_{1}\times M_{2})\rightarrow \left[ 0,+ \infty \right) \) defined by:
is a Finsler metric on \( M_{1}\times M_{2}\).
Proof
By the Corollary 3.3, the restriction of F to \(T_{(p_{1},p_{2})}(M_{1}\times M_{2}), \forall (p_{1},p_{2})\in M_{1}\times M_{2}\) is s Minkowski norm, and according to the Theorem 3.4 F is \( c^{\infty } \) function on the slit tangent bundle \(T(M_{1}\times M_{2})-\left\{ 0 \right\} \). Therefore F is a Finsler metric on \( M_{1}\times M_{2}\). \(\square \)
Definition 4.2
Let \((M_{1},F_{1}) , (M_{2},F_{2}) \) be Finsler manifolds of dimensions n and m, respectively. Then Finsler metric \(F=F_{1}+F_{2}\) on \(M_{1}\times M_{2}\) is called canonical product Finsler metric.
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Sadighi, A., Khatamy, R.C. & Toomanian, M. Generalization of Finsler metrics on the product of Finsler manifolds. Math Sci 12, 243–248 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40096-018-0264-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40096-018-0264-2