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Fuzzy-based prediction of compression ignition engine distinctiveness powered by novel graphene oxide nanosheet additive diesel–Aegle marmelos pyrolysis oil ternary opus

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Abstract

Nanosheet-based catalysts were used as additives in engine fuels to enhance the engine performance characteristics. In this research, graphene oxide nanosheets (GON) were used as a catalyst to Aegle marmelos (AM) bio-oil/diesel opus at 20 and 30 gm/l. The operating characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine powered by GON fuel blends were compared with A20 and diesel (B0). All test fuel blends (A20, A20G20 and A20G30) have been analyzed for the mutual effects of varying engine load (W) and compression ratio (CR) in test engine via experimental investigation and fuzzy prediction approach. With the augmentation of GON concentration in the blend, reduction in hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and soot emissions is observed along with increased oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission. The engine performance was also enhanced with augmenting in GON addition with fuel blends. Engine parameters were precisely predicted by the fuzzy model (trapezoidal mf, Mamdani FIS and centroid-weighted average). The developed fuzzy model predicted the engine operating attributes with a greater coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.91) and correlation coefficients (R = 0.95). The fuzzy validation outcomes endorse the adaptability of the developed model with better accuracy and depict that AM bio-oil nanoadditive opus is a good alternative for diesel in transportation fleets.

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Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Abbreviations

AM:

Aegle marmelos

A20:

20% AM bio-oil + 80% B0

A20G20:

20% AM bio-oil + 80% B0 + GON 20 mg/l

A20G30:

20% AM bio-oil + 80% B0 + GON 30 mg/l

ASTM:

American Society for Testing and Materials

BSFC:

Break specific fuel consumption (kg/kW hr)

BTE:

Break thermal efficiency (%)

CeO2 :

Cerium oxide

CI:

Compression ignition

CO:

Carbon monoxide (%)

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide (%)

CNT:

Carbon nanotube

CR:

Compression ratio

CV:

Calorific value

B0:

Diesel

FB:

Fuel blend

FIS:

Fuzzy inference system

GO:

Graphene oxide

GON:

Graphene oxide nanosheet

HC:

Hydrocarbons (ppm)

IC:

Internal combustion

mf:

Membership function

MgO:

Magnesium oxide

NOx:

Nitrogen oxide (ppm)

O2 :

Oxygen

ppm:

Parts per million

R:

Correlation coefficient

R2 :

Coefficient of determination

TiO2 :

Titanium oxide

VCR:

Variable compression ratio

W:

Engine load

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Production Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, 620015, India

    Baranitharan Paramasivam, S. Kumanan & M. Varatharajulu

  2. Centre for Material Science, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, 641021, India

    V. Kavimani

Authors
  1. Baranitharan Paramasivam
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  2. S. Kumanan
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  3. V. Kavimani
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  4. M. Varatharajulu
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Contributions

P.Baranitharan considered the research concept, designed the research methodology and wrote the original draft of this manuscript. S. Kumanan, V. Kavimani and M.Varatharajulu contributed to providing supervision of this manuscript's draft.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Baranitharan Paramasivam.

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Appendices

Appendix

Rule No. IF–THEN rules

  1. 1.

    If (EngineLoad is LOW) and (CompressionRatio is LOW) and (FuelBlend is LOW) then (BSFC is HIGH)(BTE is LOW)(CO is HIGH)(HC is HIGH)(CO2 is LOW)(NOx is LOW)(Smoke is HIGH)

  2. 2.

    If (EngineLoad is LOW) and (CompressionRatio is LOW) and (FuelBlend is MEDIUM) then (BSFC is HIGH)(BTE is LOW)(CO is HIGH)(HC is HIGH)(CO2 is LOW)(NOx is LOW)(Smoke is HIGH)

  3. 3.

    If (EngineLoad is LOW) and (CompressionRatio is LOW) and (FuelBlend is HIGH) then (BSFC is HIGH)(BTE is LOW)(CO is HIGH)(HC is HIGH)(CO2 is LOW)(NOx is LOW)(Smoke is MEDIUM)

  4. 4.

    If (EngineLoad is LOW) and (CompressionRatio is MEDIUM) and (FuelBlend is LOW) then (BSFC is HIGH)(BTE is LOW)(CO is HIGH)(HC is HIGH)(CO2 is LOW)(NOx is LOW)(Smoke is HIGH)

  5. 5.

    If (EngineLoad is LOW) and (CompressionRatio is MEDIUM) and (FuelBlend is MEDIUM) then (BSFC is HIGH)(BTE is LOW)(CO is HIGH)(HC is HIGH)(CO2 is LOW)(NOx is LOW)(Smoke is HIGH)

  6. 6.

    If (EngineLoad is LOW) and (CompressionRatio is MEDIUM) and (FuelBlend is HIGH) then (BSFC is HIGH)(BTE is LOW)(CO is MEDIUM)(HC is MEDIUM)(CO2 is LOW)(NOx is LOW)(Smoke is MEDIUM)

  7. 7.

    If (EngineLoad is LOW) and (CompressionRatio is HIGH) and (FuelBlend is LOW) then (BSFC is HIGH)(BTE is LOW)(CO is MEDIUM)(HC is HIGH)(CO2 is LOW)(NOx is LOW)(Smoke is HIGH)

  8. 8.

    If (EngineLoad is LOW) and (CompressionRatio is HIGH) and (FuelBlend is MEDIUM) then (BSFC is HIGH)(BTE is LOW)(CO is LOW)(HC is HIGH)(CO2 is MEDIUM)(NOx is LOW)(Smoke is MEDIUM)

  9. 9.

    If (EngineLoad is LOW) and (CompressionRatio is HIGH) and (FuelBlend is HIGH) then (BSFC is MEDIUM)(BTE is LOW)(CO is LOW)(HC is MEDIUM)(CO2 is MEDIUM)(NOx is LOW)(Smoke is LOW)

  10. 10.

    If (EngineLoad is MEDIUM) and (CompressionRatio is LOW) and (FuelBlend is LOW) then (BSFC is MEDIUM)(BTE is MEDIUM)(CO is HIGH)(HC is HIGH)(CO2 is MEDIUM)(NOx is MEDIUM)(Smoke is HIGH)

  11. 11.

    If (EngineLoad is MEDIUM) and (CompressionRatio is LOW) and (FuelBlend is MEDIUM) then (BSFC is MEDIUM)(BTE is MEDIUM)(CO is MEDIUM)(HC is HIGH)(CO2 is MEDIUM)(NOx is MEDIUM)(Smoke is MEDIUM)

  12. 12.

    If (EngineLoad is MEDIUM) and (CompressionRatio is LOW) and (FuelBlend is HIGH) then (BSFC is MEDIUM)(BTE is MEDIUM)(CO is MEDIUM)(HC is MEDIUM)(CO2 is MEDIUM)(NOx is MEDIUM)(Smoke is MEDIUM)

  13. 13.

    If (EngineLoad is MEDIUM) and (CompressionRatio is MEDIUM) and (FuelBlend is LOW) then (BSFC is MEDIUM)(BTE is MEDIUM)(CO is MEDIUM)(HC is HIGH)(CO2 is MEDIUM)(NOx is MEDIUM)(Smoke is HIGH)

  14. 14.

    If (EngineLoad is MEDIUM) and (CompressionRatio is MEDIUM) and (FuelBlend is MEDIUM) then (BSFC is MEDIUM)(BTE is MEDIUM)(CO is MEDIUM)(HC is HIGH)(CO2 is MEDIUM)(NOx is MEDIUM)(Smoke is MEDIUM)

  15. 15.

    If (EngineLoad is MEDIUM) and (CompressionRatio is MEDIUM) and (FuelBlend is HIGH) then (BSFC is LOW)(BTE is MEDIUM)(CO is LOW)(HC is MEDIUM)(CO2 is MEDIUM)(NOx is MEDIUM)(Smoke is LOW)

  16. 16.

    If (EngineLoad is MEDIUM) and (CompressionRatio is HIGH) and (FuelBlend is LOW) then (BSFC is MEDIUM)(BTE is MEDIUM)(CO is LOW)(HC is MEDIUM)(CO2 is MEDIUM)(NOx is HIGH)(Smoke is MEDIUM)

  17. 17.

    If (EngineLoad is MEDIUM) and (CompressionRatio is HIGH) and (FuelBlend is MEDIUM) then (BSFC is MEDIUM)(BTE is MEDIUM)(CO is LOW)(HC is LOW)(CO2 is MEDIUM)(NOx is HIGH)(Smoke is MEDIUM)

  18. 18.

    If (EngineLoad is MEDIUM) and (CompressionRatio is HIGH) and (FuelBlend is HIGH) then (BSFC is LOW)(BTE is MEDIUM)(CO is LOW)(HC is LOW)(CO2 is MEDIUM)(NOx is HIGH)(Smoke is LOW)

  19. 19.

    If (EngineLoad is HIGH) and (CompressionRatio is LOW) and (FuelBlend is LOW) then (BSFC is LOW)(BTE is HIGH)(CO is MEDIUM)(HC is HIGH)(CO2 is MEDIUM)(NOx is HIGH)(Smoke is HIGH)

  20. 20.

    If (EngineLoad is HIGH) and (CompressionRatio is LOW) and (FuelBlend is MEDIUM) then (BSFC is LOW)(BTE is HIGH)(CO is MEDIUM)(HC is MEDIUM)(CO2 is HIGH)(NOx is HIGH)(Smoke is MEDIUM)

  21. 21.

    If (EngineLoad is HIGH) and (CompressionRatio is LOW) and (FuelBlend is HIGH) then (BSFC is LOW)(BTE is HIGH)(CO is LOW)(HC is MEDIUM)(CO2 is HIGH)(NOx is HIGH)(Smoke is LOW)

  22. 22.

    If (EngineLoad is HIGH) and (CompressionRatio is MEDIUM) and (FuelBlend is LOW) then (BSFC is LOW)(BTE is HIGH)(CO is LOW)(HC is HIGH)(CO2 is HIGH)(NOx is HIGH)(Smoke is MEDIUM)

  23. 23.

    If (EngineLoad is HIGH) and (CompressionRatio is MEDIUM) and (FuelBlend is MEDIUM) then (BSFC is LOW)(BTE is HIGH)(CO is LOW)(HC is MEDIUM)(CO2 is HIGH)(NOx is HIGH)(Smoke is MEDIUM)

  24. 24.

    If (EngineLoad is HIGH) and (CompressionRatio is MEDIUM) and (FuelBlend is HIGH) then (BSFC is LOW)(BTE is HIGH)(CO is LOW)(HC is LOW)(CO2 is HIGH)(NOx is HIGH)(Smoke is LOW)

  25. 25.

    If (EngineLoad is HIGH) and (CompressionRatio is HIGH) and (FuelBlend is LOW) then (BSFC is LOW)(BTE is HIGH)(CO is LOW)(HC is LOW)(CO2 is HIGH)(NOx is HIGH)(Smoke is LOW)

  26. 26.

    If (EngineLoad is HIGH) and (CompressionRatio is HIGH) and (FuelBlend is MEDIUM) then (BSFC is LOW)(BTE is HIGH)(CO is LOW)(HC is LOW)(CO2 is HIGH)(NOx is HIGH)(Smoke is LOW)

  27. 27.

    If (EngineLoad is HIGH) and (CompressionRatio is HIGH) and (FuelBlend is HIGH) then (BSFC is LOW)(BTE is HIGH)(CO is LOW)(HC is LOW)(CO2 is HIGH)(NOx is HIGH)(Smoke is LOW)

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Paramasivam, B., Kumanan, S., Kavimani, V. et al. Fuzzy-based prediction of compression ignition engine distinctiveness powered by novel graphene oxide nanosheet additive diesel–Aegle marmelos pyrolysis oil ternary opus. Int J Energy Environ Eng 13, 683–701 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40095-021-00458-1

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