Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

PCL/β-TCP Composite Scaffolds Exhibit Positive Osteogenic Differentiation with Mechanical Stimulation

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Aims and scope

Abstract

We investigated the use of Polycaprolactone (PCL)/ β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) composites with applied mechanical stimulation as scaffold for bone tissue engineering. PCL-based three-dimensional (3D) structures were fabricated in a solvent-free process using a 3D-printing technique. The mass fraction of β-TCP was varied in the range 0–30%, and the structure and compressive modulus of the specimens was characterized. The shape and interconnectivity of the pores was found to be satisfactory, and the compressive modulus of the specimens was comparable with that of human trabecular bone. Human mesenchymal stem cells were seeded on the composites, and various biological evaluations were performed over 9 days. With a mass fraction of β-TCP of 30%, differentiation began earlier; however, the cell proliferation rate was lower. Through the use of mechanical stimulation, however, the proliferation rate recovered, and was comparable with that of the other groups. This stimulation effect was also observed in ECM generation and other biological assays. With mechanical stimulation, expression of osteogenic markers was lower on samples with a β-TCP content of 10 wt% than without β-TCP; however, with mechanical stimulation, the sample with a β-TCP content of 30 wt% exhibited significantly greater expression of those markers than the other samples. We found that mechanical stimulation and the addition of β-TCP interacted closely, and that a mass fraction of β-TCP of 30% was particularly useful as a bone tissue scaffold when accompanied by mechanical stimulation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. O’Brien FJ. Biomaterials and scaffolds for tissue engineering. Materialstoday. 2011;14:88–95.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Park SA, Lee JB, Kim YE, Kim JE, Lee JH, Shin J, et al. Fabrication of biomimetic PCL scaffold using rapid prototyping for bone tissue engineering. Macromol Res. 2014;22:882–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Liao H, Chen J, Lee M. Bone tissue engineering with adipose-derived stem cells in bioactive composites of laser-sintered porous polycaprolactone scaffolds and platelet-rich plasma. Materials. 2013;6:4911–29.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Su J, Chen L, Li L. Characterization of polycaprolactone and starch blends for potential application within the biomaterials field. Afr J Biotechnol. 2012;11:694–701.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Aunoble S, Clément D, Frayssinet P, Harmand MF, Le Huec JC. Biological performance of a new beta–TCP/PLLA composite material for applications in spine surgery: in vitro and in vivo studies. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2006;78:416–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Rezwan K, Chen QZ, Blaker JJ, Boccaccini AR. Biodegradable and bioactive porous polymer/inorganic composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials. 2006;27:3413–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Gao C, Deng Y, Feng P, Mao Z, Li P, Yang B, et al. Current progress in bioactive ceramic scaffolds for bone repair and regeneration. Int J Mol Sci. 2014;15:4714–32.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Tripathi G, Basu B. A porous hydroxyapatite scaffold for bone tissue engineering: physico-mechanical and biological evaluations. Ceram Int. 2012;38:341–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Yeo MG, Kim GH. Preparation and characterization of 3D composite Scaffolds based on rapid-prototyped PCL/β-TCP struts and electrospun PCL coated with collagen and HA for bone regeneration. Chem Mater. 2012;24:903–13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Lu L, Zhang Q, Wootton D, Chiou R, Li D, Lu B, et al. Biocompatibility and biodegradation studies of PCL/β-TCP bone tissue scaffold fabricated by structural porogen method. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2012;23:2217–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Cao H, Kuboyama N. biodegradable porous composite scaffold of PGA/β-TCP for bone tissue engineering. Bone. 2010;46:386–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Liu F. Synthesis of bioceramic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering by rapid prototyping technique. Key Eng Mater. 2012;64:704–10.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Yamachika E, Iidab S. Bone regeneration from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and compact bone-derived MSCs as an animal model. Jpn Dent Sci Rev. 2013;49:35–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Huang C, Ogawa R. Effect of hydrostatic pressure on bone regeneration using human mesenchymal stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A. 2012;18:2106–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Hess R, Douglas T, Myers KA, Rentsch B, Rentsch C, Worch H, et al. Hydrostatic pressure stimulation of human mesenchymal stem cells seeded on collagen-based artificial extracellular matrices. J Biomech Eng. 2010;132:021001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Zhao Y, Lv X, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Li Q, Chen Y, et al. Hydrostatic pressure promotes the proliferation and osteogenic/chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells: the roles of RhoA and Rac1. Stem Cell Res. 2015;14:283–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Liu J, Zhao Z, Li J, Zou L, Shuler C, Zou Y, et al. Hydrostatic pressures promote initial osteodifferentiation with ERK1/2 Not p38 MAPK signaling involved. J Cell Biochem. 2009;107:224–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Jeong J, Park S, Shin J, Kang Y, Han K, Shin J. Effects of intermittent hydrostatic pressure magnitude on the chondrogenesis of MSCs without biochemical agents under 3D co-culture. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2012;23:2773–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Sharaf B, Faris CB, Abukawa H, Susarla SM, Vacanti JP, Kaban LB, et al. Three-dimensionally printed polycaprolactone and β–Tricalcium phosphate scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: an in vitro study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;70:647–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Jayabalan M, Shalumon KT, Mitha MK. Injectable biomaterials for minimally invasive orthopedic treatments. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2009;20:1379–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Shea LD, Wang D, Franceschi RT, Mooney DJ. Engineered bone development from a pre-osteoblast cell line on three-dimensional scaffolds. Tissue Eng. 2000;6:605–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Erisken C, Kalyon DM, Wang H. Functionally graded electrospun polycaprolactone and b-tricalcium phosphate nanocomposites for tissue engineering applications. Biomaterials. 2008;29:4065–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Owen TA, Aronow M, Shalhoub V, Barone LM, Wilming L, Tassinari MS, et al. Progressive development of the rat osteoblast phenotype in vitro: reciprocal relationships in expression of genes associated with osteoblast proliferation and differentiation during formation of the bone extracellular matrix. J Cell Physiol. 1990;143:420–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Nishimura I, Hisanaga R, Sato T, Arano T, Nomoto S, Ikada Y, et al. Effect of osteogenic differentiation medium on proliferation and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells in three-dimensional culture with radial flow bioreactor. Regen Ther. 2015;2:24–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Zhang D, Weinbaum S, Cowin SC. Estimates of the peak pressures in bone pore water. J Biomech Eng. 1998;120:697–703.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Kim YJ, Park S, Lee YJ, Shin JW, Kim DH, Heo SJ, et al. Effects of intermittent hydrostatic pressure on cell adhesive forces and other related parameters under various resting periods. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2008;85:353–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Shim JH, Huh JB, Park JY, Jeon YC, Kang SS, Kim JY, et al. Fabrication of blended polycaprolactone/poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)/β-tricalcium phosphate thin membrane using solid freeform fabrication technology for guided bone regeneration. Tissue Eng Part A. 2013;19:317–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the grants of the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the KHIDI (HI16C0362, the Ministry of Health & Welfare, ROK) and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grant (NRF-2014K2A2A7066637).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, 50834, Korea

    So Hee Park, Yun Gyeong Kang, Ji Won Shin, Seo Rin Gu & Jung-Woog Shin

  2. Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, 156, Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34103, Korea

    Su A. Park

  3. School of Biological Sciences, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, 50834, Korea

    Young Shik Park & Jung-Woog Shin

  4. Department of Health science and technology, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, 50834, Korea

    Yan Ru Wu

  5. Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China

    Jie Wei

  6. Inst. of Aged Life Redesign/ UHARC/Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, 50834, Korea

    Jung-Woog Shin

Authors
  1. So Hee Park
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Su A. Park
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yun Gyeong Kang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ji Won Shin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Young Shik Park
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Seo Rin Gu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Yan Ru Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Jie Wei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Jung-Woog Shin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jung-Woog Shin.

Ethics declarations

Conflicts of interest

The authors have no financial conflict of interest.

Ethical statement

There are no animal experiments carried out for this article.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Park, S.H., Park, S.A., Kang, Y.G. et al. PCL/β-TCP Composite Scaffolds Exhibit Positive Osteogenic Differentiation with Mechanical Stimulation. Tissue Eng Regen Med 14, 349–358 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13770-017-0022-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13770-017-0022-9

Keywords:

Search

Navigation