Abstract
Conventionally bisphenol A epichlorohydrin (BPA-EC) is used as epoxy resin and cycloaliphatic amine is used as a curing agent for industrial corrosion mitigation. However, due to their noticeable toxicity, alternative curing agents and decreasing the conventional compounds in the coating is a demanding task. Aminopropyltriethoxysilane can be an alternative curing agent and lignin can partially replace BPA-EC , as the preliminary adhesion study of the developed coating suggested. However, other characteristics of the coating need to be examined to evaluate the coating holistically. Hydrophobicity is such a characteristic, which plays a leading role in enhancing the anti-corrosivity of the coating, especially for coating, implemented on submerged metallic bodies. The current study attempted to find the justification of BPA-EC in terms of hydrophobicity. The response surface methodology has been followed using the Box–Behnken design model to investigate the respective and cumulative effect of each element. Initially, the model has a P value of 0.0198, with some of the terms not significant. Thus, a modified model has been introduced keeping only the terms, close to the significant p-value of 0.05. Finally, a P-value of 0.0001 has been achieved. Experimental verification of the response values exhibited an average error of 9.84%. The result showed a non-linear association between the respective constituents. Statistics showed that BPA-EC positively impacts hydrophobicity. Thus, to maintain the hydrophobicity rather than 100% replacement by lignin, a minimum level of bisphenol epichlorohydrin is obligatory; ensuring the legitimacy of the constituents in the coating.
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Abbreviations
- APTES:
-
Aminopropyltriethoxysilane
- BBD:
-
Box–Behnken design
- BPA-EC:
-
Bisphenol A epichlorohydrin
- EDX:
-
Energy dispersive X-ray analysis
- FESEM:
-
Field emission scanning electron microscopy
- OM:
-
Oncorhynchus mykiss
- RSM:
-
Response surface method
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the UTP Centre for Corrosion Research, especially the staff, and colleagues, for their invaluable technical support throughout this research endeavor. The contribution of Dr. Mazli bin Mustapha in deriving the outcomes of the statistical results is highly noteworthy. Furthermore, the organization of this work by Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS is deeply appreciated. Lastly, the authors are grateful to Allah (swt) for granting success to this endeavor.
Funding
The work was supported by the grant (Grant Code: 015MD0-104) of the collaborative research project between Sarawak Energy Berhad, Malaysia, and Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Malaysia. Universiti Teknologi Petronas has organized the research facilities and consultancies for the research.
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NEC: Writing—original draft, Methodology, Software. PSMBMY & MBM: Supervision, Conceptualization. NFBCL: Formal analysis, Investigation.
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Chowdhury, N.E., Bt Megat Yusoff, P.S.M., B Mustapha, M. et al. Investigating the influence of the composition of the modified lignin-epoxy coating on hydrophobicity, using Box–Behnken design optimization model. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 21, 7237–7248 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-024-05461-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-024-05461-7