Abstract
Combined pollutants, such as organic–heavy metal contaminants, are recalcitrant and commonly detected toxic compounds in aquatic environments. In this study, immobilized beads were prepared by coupling power activated carbon, zero-valent iron (ZVI), and nitrosamine–degrading bacteria and used to simultaneously remove nitrosamine–hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) combined pollutants. The highest removal ratios were 25.8–98.8% (nitrosamines) and 81.8% (Cr(VI)) within an empty bed contact time. The nitrosamine degradation kinetics fit a pseudo-second-order model well (R22 ≥ 0.8812) and the rate constant k2 for the five linear nitrosamines removal partially scaled with their molecular weights and LogKow (R2 = 0.745 and 0.6908). Interestingly, nitrosamines promoted Cr(VI) removal by the beads, while Cr(VI) inhibited nitrosamine degradation. The removal of the linear nitrosamines and Cr(VI) was enhanced under acidic conditions at room temperature, whereas dissolved oxygen and humic acid inhibited both. In the presence of mono- or mixed anions (NO2−, CO32−, and SO42−), the removal efficiencies of the five linear nitrosamines were reduced, while that of NMor increased. NO3− enhanced the removal of all nitrosamines. Furthermore, mono-anion promoted Cr(VI) removal, while all four anions decreased the Cr(VI) removal efficiency. The reaction mechanism revealed that nitrosamines were primarily transformed into secondary amines, methylamine, nitrate, and ammonia by ZVI and nitrosamine–degrading bacteria; Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III) by ZVI. Further, the synergistic reaction between nitrosamines and Cr(VI) also played an important role in their removal. The results of this study improve our understanding of nitrosamine–Cr(VI) removal by immobilized beads, which can further be applied to treat combined groundwater pollution.
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This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province (No. 202300410244), the Excellent Science and Technology Innovation Team of Henan Normal University (2021TD03), the Henan Provincial Science and Technology Research Project (No.202102310603, 202110476044, S20221047010).
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WW was involved in conceptualization, methodology, validation, visualization, writing—original draft, funding acquisition. JW helped in formal analysis, investigation, writing—review and editing. TY and YH contributed to investigation, supervision. YL and JD were involved in methodology, investigation, validation. YW and CW helped in conceptualization, writing—review and editing. PY, CY, and JW contributed to investigation.
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Wang, W.F., Wei, J., Yang, T.T. et al. Removal of nitrosamine–hexavalent chromium pollution through coupling immobilization of power activated carbon, zero-valent iron, and degrading bacteria. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 21, 4133–4146 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-05260-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-05260-6