Abstract
This article uses a mesoporous organic polymer monolithic template embedded with nanosheets of aurivillius oxide, i.e., Bi2MoO6 (BMO), as a visible light harvesting photocatalyst, for the photocatalytic dissipating for persistent organic pollutants. FE-SEM, EDAX, HR-TEM, SAED, p-XRD, UV–Vis-DRS, FT-IR, PLS, BET/BJH, and XPS analysis were performed to characterize the structural and surface morphological features of the new-age photocatalyst. The unique properties of BMO nanocomposite and a specific quantity (0.75 g) of its integration onto a translucent polymer monolith bring an innovative approach to heterogeneous photocatalysis, with photocatalytic properties far superior and more efficient than non-benign conventional methodologies. The impact of physicochemical parameters such as solution pH, photocatalyst amount, light intensity, pollutant concentration, and oxidizer dosage was evaluated to optimize the process efficacy. The BMO-0.75 dispersed polymer monolith offers superior visible light absorption and voluminous photoactive sites for the dissipation of Reactive Brown-10 (RB-10; ≥ 99.4%) and ciprofloxacin (CIP; ≥ 98.7%) at an optimized solution pH (1.0 and 6.0), photocatalyst dosage (50 and 40 mg), and photoadditives (1.0 mM KBrO3 and 1.0 mM H2O2), for RB-10 (15 ppm) and CIP (20 ppm), respectively, in ≤ 0.3 h of irradiation, using 300 W/cm2 tungsten lamp. The photocatalyst is reusable for several cycles without loss in efficiency and is efficient in decontaminating persistent organic pollutants at an affordable cost and time.
Graphical abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Al-Musawi TJ, Mahvi AH, Khatibi AD, Balarak D (2021) Effective adsorption of ciprofloxacin antibiotic using powdered activated carbon magnetized by iron(III) oxide magnetic nanoparticles. J Porous Mater 28:835–852. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-021-01039-7
Bandyopadhyay S, Anil AG, James A, Patra A (2016) Multifunctional porous organic polymers: tuning of porosity, CO2, and H2 storage and visible-light-driven photocatalysis. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 8:27669–27678. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b08331
Bourbiaux D, Mangematin S, Djakovitch L, Rataboul F (2021) Selective aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohols with palladium(0) nanoparticles suspension in water. Catal Lett 151:3239–3249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10562-021-03581-0
Chankhanittha T, Nanan S (2021) Visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin (OFL) antibiotic and Rhodamine B (RhB) dye by solvothermally grown ZnO/Bi2MoO6 heterojunction. J Colloid Interface Sci 582:412–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2020.08.061
Chankhanittha T, Somaudon V, Watcharakitti J et al (2020) Performance of solvothermally grown Bi2MoO6 photocatalyst toward degradation of organic azo dyes and fluoroquinolone antibiotics. Mater Lett 258:126764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2019.126764
Chen M, Yao J, Huang Y et al (2018) Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin over Bi2O3/(BiO)2CO3 heterojunctions: efficiency, kinetics, pathways, mechanisms and toxicity evaluation. Chem Eng J 334:453–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.10.064
Cheng P-W, Kurioka T, Chen C-Y et al (2023) Platinum metallization of polyethylene terephthalate by supercritical carbon dioxide catalyzation and the tensile fracture strength. Materials (basel) 16:2377. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062377
Das S, Ghosh S, Misra AJ et al (2018) Sunlight assisted photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin in water using Fe doped ZnO nanoparticles for potential public health applications. Int J Environ Res Public Health 15:2440. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112440
Golmohammadi M, Hanafi-Bojd H, Shiva M (2023) Photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin antibiotic in water by biosynthesized silica supported silver nanoparticles. Ceram Int 49:7717–7726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.10.261
Govinda Raj M, Vijayakumar E, Neppolian B et al (2021) Influence of Ag nanoparticles anchored on protonated g-C3N4-Bi2MoO6 nanocomposites for effective antibiotic and organic pollutant degradation. RSC Adv 11:25511–25523. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ra02800f
Guo J, Wang L, Wei X et al (2021) Direct Z-scheme CuInS2/Bi2MoO6 heterostructure for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline under visible light. J Hazard Mater 415:125591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125591
Guo F, Zhang H, Li H, Shen Z (2022) Modulating the oxidative active species by regulating the valence of palladium cocatalyst in photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin. Appl Catal B Environ 306:121092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2022.121092
Gupta B, Gupta AK (2022) Photocatalytic performance of 3D engineered chitosan hydrogels embedded with sulfur-doped C3N4/ZnO nanoparticles for ciprofloxacin removal: degradation and mechanistic pathways. Int J Biol Macromol 198:87–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.120
Huang J, Wang B, Hao Z et al (2021) Boosting charge separation and broadening NIR light response over defected WO3 quantum dots coupled g-C3N4 nanosheets for photocatalytic degrading antibiotics. Chem Eng J 416:129109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.129109
Kansal SK, Kaur N, Singh S (2009) Photocatalytic degradation of two commercial reactive dyes in aqueous phase using nanophotocatalysts. Nanoscale Res Lett 4:709–716. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11671-009-9300-3
Li L, Liu J, Zeng J et al (2021) Complete degradation and detoxification of ciprofloxacin by a micro-/nanostructured biogenic mn oxide composite from a highly active Mn2+-oxidizing pseudomonas strain. Nanomaterials 11:1660. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11071660
Li W, Ruan X, Lian S et al (2022) Efficient charge carrier transfer route induced by Z-scheme CdS/BiOBr heterostructure for enhanced photocatalytic performance. Mater Lett 311:131558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2021.131558
Liang H, Yu M, Guo J et al (2021) A novel vacancy-strengthened Z-scheme g-C3N4/Bp/MoS2 composite for super-efficient visible-light photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin. Sep Purif Technol 272:118891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118891
Ma S, Xia X, Song Q et al (2023) Heterogeneous junction Ni-MOF@BiOBr composites: photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and ciprofloxacin. Solid State Sci 138:107135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2023.107135
Martínez-de la Cruz A, Obregón Alfaro S (2010) Synthesis and characterization of γ-Bi2MoO6 prepared by co-precipitation: photoassisted degradation of organic dyes under vis-irradiation. J Mol Catal A Chem 320:85–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2010.01.008
Mukherjee I, Cilamkoti V, Dutta RK (2021) Sunlight-driven photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin by carbon dots embedded in ZnO nanostructures. ACS Appl Nano Mater 4:7686–7697. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.1c00883
Nadeem N, Zahid M, Tabasum A et al (2020) Degradation of reactive dye using heterogeneous photo-Fenton catalysts: ZnFe2O4 and GO-ZnFe2O4 composite. Mater Res Express 7:015519. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab66ee
Nasr M, Balme S, Eid C et al (2017) Enhanced visible-light photocatalytic performance of electrospun rGO/TiO2 composite nanofibers. J Phys Chem C 121:261–269. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b08840
Parmar N, Srivastava JK (2022) Process optimization and kinetics study for photocatalytic ciprofloxacin degradation using TiO2 nanoparticle: a comparative study of artificial neural network and surface response methodology. J Indian Chem Soc 99:100584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jics.2022.100584
Pasti L, Sarti E, Martucci A et al (2018) An advanced oxidation process by photoexcited heterogeneous sodium decatungstate for the degradation of drugs present in aqueous environment. Appl Catal B Environ 239:345–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.08.015
Polianciuc SI, Gurzău AE, Kiss B et al (2020) Antibiotics in the environment: causes and consequences. Med Pharm Rep 93:231–240. https://doi.org/10.15386/mpr-1742
Qin H, Yang Y, Shi W, She Y (2021) Few-layer Bi2O2CO3 nanosheets derived from electrochemically exfoliated bismuthene for the enhanced photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin antibiotic. RSC Adv 11:13731–13738. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ra00528f
Selvamani PS, Vijaya JJ, Kennedy LJ et al (2021) Synergic effect of Cu2O/MoS2/rGO for the sonophotocatalytic degradation of tetracycline and ciprofloxacin antibiotics. Ceram Int 47:4226–4237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.09.301
Shao Y, Hu J, Yang T et al (2022) Significantly enhanced photocatalytic in-situ H2O2 production and consumption activities for efficient sterilization by ZnIn2S4/g-C3N4 heterojunction. Carbon N Y 190:337–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2022.01.019
Shehu Imam S, Adnan R, Mohd Kaus NH (2018) Photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin in aqueous media: a short review. Toxicol Environ Chem 100:518–539. https://doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2018.1545128
Sun MH, Huang SZ, Chen LH et al (2016) Applications of hierarchically structured porous materials from energy storage and conversion, catalysis, photocatalysis, adsorption, separation, and sensing to biomedicine. Chem Soc Rev 45:3479–3563. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cs00135a
Taj MB, Alkahtani MDF, Raheel A et al (2021) Bioconjugate synthesis, phytochemical analysis, and optical activity of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles for the removal of ciprofloxacin and Congo red from water. Sci Rep 11:1–19. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84983-3
Tian J, Hao P, Wei N et al (2015) 3D Bi2MoO6 nanosheet/TiO2 nanobelt heterostructure: enhanced photocatalytic activities and photoelectochemistry performance. ACS Catal 5:4530–4536. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.5b00560
Wang D, Shen H, Guo L et al (2016a) La and F co-doped Bi2MoO6 architectures with enhanced photocatalytic performance: via synergistic effect. RSC Adv 6:71052–71060. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra12898j
Wang P, Tang H, Ao Y et al (2016b) In-situ growth of Ag3VO4 nanoparticles onto BiOCl nanosheet to form a heterojunction photocatalyst with enhanced performance under visible light irradiation. J Alloys Compd 688:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.07.180
Wang W, Tian J, Zhu Z et al (2021) Insight into quinolones and sulfonamides degradation, intermediate product identification and decomposition pathways with the assistance of Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6/MWCNTs photocatalyst. Process Saf Environ Prot 147:527–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2020.11.043
Wang A, Ni J, Wang W et al (2022) MOF-derived N-doped ZnO carbon skeleton@hierarchical Bi2MoO6 S-scheme heterojunction for photodegradation of SMX: mechanism, pathways and DFT calculation. J Hazard Mater 426:128106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128106
Xie R, Fan J, Fang K et al (2022) Hierarchical Bi2MoO6 microsphere photocatalysts modified with polypyrrole conjugated polymer for efficient decontamination of organic pollutants. Chemosphere 286:131541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131541
Xu X, Ding X, Yang X et al (2019) Oxygen vacancy boosted photocatalytic decomposition of ciprofloxacin over Bi2MoO6: oxygen vacancy engineering, biotoxicity evaluation and mechanism study. J Hazard Mater 364:691–699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.10.063
Yang R, Dong F, You X et al (2019) Facile synthesis and characterization of interface charge transfer heterojunction of Bi2MoO6 modified by Ag/AgCl photosensitive material with enhanced photocatalytic activity. Mater Lett 252:272–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2019.06.006
Yi G, Jianmei P, Jinbao F et al (2023) Constructing 0D/1D/2D Z-scheme heterojunctions of Ag nanodots/SiC nanofibers/g-C3N4 nanosheets for efficient photocatalytic water splitting. Ceram Int 49:2262–2271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.09.194
Yu Y, Meng X, Zeng N et al (2018) Covalent immobilization of TiO2 within macroporous polymer monolith as a facilely recyclable photocatalyst for water decontamination. Colloid Polym Sci 296:1419–1429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-018-4361-4
Zangeneh H, Zinatizadeh AAL, Habibi M et al (2015) Photocatalytic oxidation of organic dyes and pollutants in wastewater using different modified titanium dioxides: a comparative review. J Ind Eng Chem 26:1–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2014.10.043
Zhang J, Liu Z, Ma Z (2019a) Facile formation of Bi2O2CO3 /Bi2MoO6 nanosheets for visible light-driven photocatalysis. ACS Omega 4:3871–3880. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b03699
Zhang R, Han Q, Li Y et al (2019b) Fabrication and characterization of high efficient Z-scheme photocatalyst Bi2MoO6/reduced graphene oxide/BiOBr for the degradation of organic dye and antibiotic under visible-light irradiation. J Mater Sci 54:14157–14170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-03883-0
Zhang Y, Zhao G, Ge P et al (2019c) Bi2MoO6 microsphere with double-polyaniline layers toward ultrastable lithium energy storage by reinforced structure. Inorg Chem 58:6410–6421. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00627
Zhao X, Xu T, Yao W, Zhu Y (2009) Photodegradation of dye pollutants catalyzed by γ-Bi2MoO6 nanoplate under visible light irradiation. Appl Surf Sci 255:8036–8040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.05.010
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the financial assistance by VIT (Vellore) in the form of an Institute Seed Grant 2021-22.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. The authors also declare that the research involves no human participants or animals.
Ethical approval
The authors also declare that the research involves no human participants or animals.
Additional information
Editorial responsibility: Shahid Hussain.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Jagadeesan, D., Deivasigamani, P. Photoactive aurivillius oxide integrated porous polymer monoliths as renewable visible light catalyst for decontaminating persistent organic pollutants. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 21, 1575–1590 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-05020-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-05020-6