Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the characteristics of cupola furnace slag and to explore its compatibility for the production of ceramic tiles. The glass–ceramic tiles were prepared via a simple powder metallurgy method. The major constituents of the powdered slag are SiO2 and CaO. During thermal processing, CaO-based complex oxides such as wollastonite and anorthite were formed, which was found to be influential in improving the mechanical properties of the glass–ceramics. Significant improvement in the mechanical and thermal properties was obtained by the addition of 2 wt% phosphate binders in the sample. Crystallization of the glassy phases initiated when the sample sintered above 900 °C. Sintering above 1100 °C caused formation of micro-cracks in the matrix. The characteristics of the prepared tiles were compared with the International standards for semi-vitreous floor tiles (ISO 13006-B2a). The results indicate that cupola furnace slag may successfully be used for the manufacturing of ceramic tiles.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Afolayan JO, Alabi SA (2013) Investigation on the potentials of cupola furnace slag in concrete. Int J Integr Eng 5(2):59–62
Afonina G, Leonov V (1999) Use of metallurgical slag in the composition of tile mixtures. Glass Ceram 56(1):40–42
Agarwal G, Hong K, Fletcher M, Speyer R (1991) Crystallization behavior of cupola slag glass-ceramics. J Non-Cryst Solids 130(2):187–197
Alabi SA, Afolayan JO (2013) Investigation on the potentials of cupola furnace slag in concrete. Int J Integr Eng 5(2):59–62
Alizadeh S, Shalbafi A, Monshi A, Yazdkhasti S (2016) Influence of phosphate binders on the physical and mechanical properties of magnesia carbon monolithics composed of recycled refractory aggregates. Ironmaking Steelmaking 43(5):325–330
Anuwattana R, Khummongkol P (2009) Conventional hydrothermal synthesis of na-a zeolite from cupola slag and aluminum sludge. J Hazard Mater 166(1):227–232
Das SK, Kumar S, Ramachandrarao P (2000) Exploitation of iron ore tailing for the development of ceramic tiles. Waste Manag 20(8):725–729
Ghosh S, Das M, Chakrabarti S, Ghatak S (2002) Development of ceramic tiles from common clay and blast furnace slag. Ceram Int 28(4):393–400
Heinbichner W, Wolf G, Huster A (2018) A particle-resolved cfd study of combustion and gasification processes in a coke-fired furnace. Int J Metalcast 12(1):126–138
Koupai JA, Nejad SS, Mostafazadeh-Fard S, Behfarnia K (2016) Reduction of urban storm-runoff pollution using porous concrete containing iron slag adsorbent. J Environ Eng 142(2):04015072
Kumar S, Kumar R, Bandopadhyay A (2006) Innovative methodologies for the utilisation of wastes from metallurgical and allied industries. Resour Conserv Recycl 48(4):301–314
Kurama S, Ozel E (2009) The influence of different cao source in the production of anorthite ceramics. Ceram Int 35(2):827–830
Liu H, Lu H, Chen D, Wang H, Xu H, Zhang R (2009) Preparation and properties of glass–ceramics derived from blast-furnace slag by a ceramic-sintering process. Ceram Int 35(8):3181–3184
Mirhadi B, Mehdikhani B (2012) Effect of calcium fluoride on sintering behavior of sio2-cao-na2o-mgo glass-ceramic system. Process Appli Ceramics 6(3):159–164
Mohammed, N. and P. Arun D, 2012. Utilization of industrial waste slag as aggregate in concrete applications by adopting taguchi’s approach for optimization. Open Journal of Civil Engineering, 2012.
Ozdemir I, Yilmaz S (2007) Processing of unglazed ceramic tiles from blast furnace slag. J Mater Process Technol 183(1):13–17
Ozturk ZB, Gultekin EE (2015) Preparation of ceramic wall tiling derived from blast furnace slag. Ceram Int 41(9):12020–12026
Pribulová A, Futáš P, Petrík J, Pokusová M, Brzeziński M, Jakubski J (2018) Comparison of cupola furnace and blast furnace slags with respect to possibilities of their utilization. Arch Metall Mater 63(4):1865–1873. https://doi.org/10.24425/amm.2018.125117
Pribulova A, Baricova D, Futas P, Pokusova M, Eperjesi S (2019) Cupola furnace slag: Its origin, properties and utilization. Int J Metalcast 13(3):627–640
Ramesh ST, Gandhimathi R, Nidheesh PV, Rajakumar S, Prateepkumar S (2013) Use of furnace slag and welding slag as replacement for sand in concrete. Int J Energy Environ Eng 4(1):1–6
Rockwell, M., 1995. Verification of the testing machines (iso/dis 6507–2).
Sarkar R, Singh N, Kumar SD (2010) Utilization of steel melting electric arc furnace slag for development of vitreous ceramic tiles. Bull Mater Sci 33(3):293–298
Tang B, Lin J, Qian S, Wang J, Zhang S (2014) Preparation of glass–ceramic foams from the municipal solid waste slag produced by plasma gasification process. Mater Lett 128:68–70
Teo P-T, Anasyida AS, Basu P, Nurulakmal MS (2014) Recycling of malaysia’s electric arc furnace (eaf) slag waste into heavy-duty green ceramic tile. Waste Manag 34(12):2697–2708
Ter Teo P, Seman AA, Basu P, Sharif NM (2016) Characterization of eaf steel slag waste: The potential green resource for ceramic tile production. Procedia Chem 19:842–846
Zhao Y, Chen D, Bi Y, Long M (2012) Preparation of low cost glass–ceramics from molten blast furnace slag. Ceram Int 38(3):2495–2500
Acknowledgements
The authors of this present work are thankful to the Director National Institute of Technology, Hazratbal, Srinagar, India for providing a research atmosphere and also providing the consent for the publication of this work. The authors are also grateful to the director CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal for providing raw materials and experimental facilities. The corresponding author of this work Mr. Krishna Kumar Thakur is also thankful to the NIT Srinagar, India for giving the research fellowship and contingency fund.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
All the authors of this present work declare that there is no conflict of interest among them.
Ethical approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Additional information
Editorial Responsibility: Shahid Hussain.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Thakur, K.K., Shafeeq, M.M., Rahman, A. et al. Effect of sintering temperature and binder addition on the properties of cupola slag glass–ceramic tiles. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19, 11387–11396 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03755-8
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03755-8