Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Optimization of protein extraction from detoxified Jatropha seed cake using response surface methodology and amino acid analysis

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Jatropha seed cake is a by-product of biodiesel industry which is rich in proteins and carbohydrates and contains many bioactive compounds. Besides having a good protein quality, the essential amino acid content (except lysine) is also high in Jatropha seed cake, and therefore, Jatropha proteins can be exploited for many technical applications. The major hindrance for its use as a protein supplement is the presence of anti-nutritional factors and toxins, especially the phorbol esters. The detoxification of Jatropha seed cake for the removal of phorbol esters has been shown in our earlier studies. Proteins were extracted from the detoxified Jatropha seed cake and analyzed for amino acid content. Various parameters such as temperature, solubilization pH, precipitation pH and extraction time were studied for their effect on protein content, and the process was optimized using response surface methodology among 5 best samples selected based on protein content and protein yield from dry concentrates. The amount of dry matter, protein content and protein yield of 17.1%, 41.98% and 38.66%, respectively, was obtained under the optimized conditions of 60 °C temperature, solubilization pH 11.0, precipitation pH 4.41 and extraction time of 0.78 h. Amino acid contents revealed that the extracted samples contained a higher concentration of essential amino acids, especially leucine (4.40 ± 0.98 g/100 g). The results indicated that the protein extraction procedure from Jatropha seed cake affected the amino acid content, yet the values were close to FAO/WHO reference protein, and thus, the Jatropha proteins can be explored further for their use as feed supplement.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • AACC (2000) Approved methods of American Association of Cereal Chemists. American Association of Cereal Chemists Inc., St. Paul

    Google Scholar 

  • Achten WMJ, Almeida J, Fobelets V, Bolle E, Mathijs E, Singh VP, Tewari DN, Verchot LV, Muys B (2010) Life cycle assessment of Jatropha biodiesel as transportation fuel in rural India. Appl Energy 87(12):3652–3660

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahluwalia S, Sharma JG, Singh P (2017) Degradation of phorbol esters In Jatropha seed cake by Pseudomonas aeruginosa DS1. Int J Pharm Bio Sci 8(2):542–546

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahluwalia S, Sharma JG, Singh P (2018) Modeling and Analysis of critical factors for phorbol ester degradation in Jatropha seed cake using ISM and MICMAC. Int J Environ Waste Manag 21(4):287–305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aleksandra G, Eduardo M, Angel C, Radosław G, Filip B, Avtar SM (2018) Enhanced protein extraction from oilseed cakes using glycerol-choline chloride deep eutectic solvents: a biorefinery approach. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 6(11):15791–15800. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b04359

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beuk JF, Chornock FW, Rice EE (1948) The effect of severe heat treatment upon the amino acids of fresh and cured pork. J Biol Chem 175:291–298

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calull M, Fabregas J, Marce RM, Borrull F (1991) Determination of free amino acids by precolumn derivatization with phenylisothiocyanate. Application to wine samples. Chromatographia 31:272–276

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen J, Huang PT, Zhang KY, Ding FR (2012) Isolation of biosurfactant producers, optimization and properties of biosurfactant produced by Acinetobacter sp. from petroleum-contaminated soil. J Appl Microbiol 112:660–671

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chenyan LV, Xiaoling J, Meiliang L, Jingyun Y, Guanghua Z (2011) Optimization of extraction process of crude protein from grape seeds by RSM. Food Sci Technol Res 17(5):437–445

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Csapo J, Csapo ZK, Albert C, Loki K (2008) Hydrolysis of proteins performed at high temperatures and for short times with reduced racemization, in order to determine the enantiomers of D- and L-amino acids. Acta Univ Sapientiae Aliment 1:31–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Devappa RK, Swamylingappa B (2008) Biochemical and nutritional evaluation of Jatropha protein isolate prepared by steam injection heating for reduction of toxic and antinutritional factors. J Sci Food Agric 88:911–919

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gabriele G, Markus S, Andreas S (2015) Characterization of Jatropha curcas L. Protein cast films with respect to packaging relevant properties. Int J Political Sci 2015:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/630585

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh A, Chikara J, Chaudhary DR (2012) Value addition of Jatropha cake and its utilisation as manure in Jatropha and other crops. In: Carels N, Sujatha M, Bahadar B (eds) Jatropha, challenges for a new energy crop. Farming, economics and biofuel, vol 1. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Gisele LAM, Roseli SL, Hulda NCM, Patricia AC, Ana MQBB, Catarina AG, Paulo JAS (2014) Effect of alkaline agent and pH on the composition of freeze-dried proteins extracted from castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) cake. Chem Eng Trans 37:697–702

    Google Scholar 

  • Gofferje G, Klingele S, Stabler A, Schweiggert-Weisz U, Floter E (2014) Comparison of two protein extraction techniques utilizing aqueous de-oiled residue from Jatropha curcas L. Waste Biomass Valor 5:33–41

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamarneh AI, Heeres HJ, Broekhuis AA, Picchioni F (2010) Extraction of Jatropha curcas proteins and application in polyketone-based wood adhesives. Int J Adhes Adhes 30:615–625

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jakub E, Petr S, Magdalena DV, Lukas PA, Petr S, Jindrich K, Zdenek HD, Martin B, Eliska K (2016) Jatropha seed cake and organic waste compost: the potential for improvement of soil fertility. Ecol Chem Eng S 23(1):131–141

    Google Scholar 

  • Jimenez ME, Ruiz J, Perez Palacios T, Silva A, Antequera T (2012) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the determination of free amino acids as their dimethyl-tert-butylsilyl (TBDMS) derivatives in animal source food. J Agric Food Chem 60:2456–2463

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joint FAO/WHO/UNU expert consultation: Protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition: report, World Health Organization, 1985 (WHO technical report series, no. 935)

  • Kain RJ, Chen Z, Sonda TS, Abu-Kpawoh JC (2009) Study on the effects of enzymatic hydrolysis on the physical, functional and chemical properties of peanut protein isolates extracted from defatted heat pressed peanut meal flour (Arachis hypogaea L.). Pak J Nutr 8(6):818–825

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krumpochova P, Bruyneel B, Molenaar D, Koukou A, Wuhrer M, Niessen WM, Giera M (2015) Amino acid analysis using chromatography-mass spectrometry: an inter platform comparison study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 114:398–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2015.06.001

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lars IN, Pia V, Jens OD (2004) Quantification of organic and amino acids in beer by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Anal Chem 76(16):4790–4798

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lestari D, Mulder W, Sanders J (2010) Improving Jatropha curcas seed protein recovery by using counter current multistage extraction. Biochem Eng J 50(1–2):16–23

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lestari D, Mulder WJ, Sanders JPM (2011) Jatropha seed protein functional properties for technical applications. Biochem Eng J 53(3):297–304

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liliana LL, Gloria DO, Cristian JM, Humberto HS (2013) Sequentially integrated optimization of the conditions to obtain a high-protein and low-antinutritional factors protein isolate from edible Jatropha curcas seed cake. ISRN Biotechnol 2013:1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Line RN, Marianne NL, Michael JD, Jacob HN, Soren BN (2018) Effect of free cysteine on the denaturation and aggregation of holo α-lactalbumin. Int Dairy J 79:52–61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Makkar HPS, Becker K (2009) Jatropha curcas, a promising crop for the generation of biodiesel and value-added coproducts. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 111(8):773–787

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Makkar HPS, Francis G, Becker K (2008) Protein concentrate from Jatropha curcas screw-pressed seed cake and toxic and antinutritional factors in protein concentrate. J Sci Food Agric 88:1542–1548

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manyuchi MM, Mbohwa C, Muzenda E (2018) Bio stabilization of Jatropha Curcas Cake to bio fertilizers through vermicomposting. In: Proceedings of the international conference on industrial engineering and operations management, Paris, France, 26–27 July 2018, pp 9–13

  • Martin AMM, Israel LM, Samuel RM (2010) Optimization of protein concentrate preparation from Bambara bean using Response Surface Methodology. J Food Process Eng 33:398–412

    Google Scholar 

  • Mati M, Staruch L, Soral M (2015) Use of NMR spectroscopy in the analysis of carnosine and free amino acids in fermented sausages during ripening. Chem Pap 69(10):1319–1324. https://doi.org/10.1515/chempap-2015-0148

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Monia SA, Siluana KTS, Gabriela R, Claudia BB, Marcel P, Luciano VG, de Daniel BF et al (2017) Free amino acid determination by GC-MS combined with a chemometric approach for geographical classification of bracatinga honeydew honey (Mimosa scabrella Bentham). Food Control 78:383–392

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oliyaei N, Ghorbani M, Moosavi-Nasab M, Sadeghimahoonak AR, Maghsoudloo Y (2017) Effect of temperature and alkaline pH on the physicochemical properties of the protein isolates extracted from the whole ungutted Lanternfish (Benthosema pterotum). J Aquat Food Prod Technol 26(10):1134–1143. https://doi.org/10.1080/10498850.2014.940564

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qiaoyun CUI, Xinghong NI, Liang Z, Zheng TU, Jin L, Kang S, Xuan C, Xinghui LI (2017) Optimization of protein extraction and decoloration conditions for Tea residues. Horticul Plant J 3(4):172–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rhee KC, Cater CM, Mattil KF (1972) Simultaneous recovery of protein and oil from raw peanuts in an aqueous system. J Food Sci 37:90–93

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saha J, Chakraborty S, Deka SC (2016) A comparative study between Response Surface Methodology and genetic algorithm in optimization and extraction of leaf protein concentrate from Diplazium esculentum of Assam. Int J Biotechnol Wellness Ind 5:111–120

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Selling GW, Hojilla-Evangelista MP, Evangelista R, Isbell T, Price N, Doll KM (2013) Extraction of proteins from pennycress seeds and press cake. Ind Crop Prod 41:113–119

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaviklo AR, Rezapanah S, Motamedzadegan A, DamavandiKamali N, Mozafari H (2017) Optimum conditions for protein extraction from tuna processing by-products using isoelectric solubilization and precipitation processes. Iran J Fish Sci 16(2):774–792

    Google Scholar 

  • Sugiki T, Kobayashi N, Fujiwara T (2017) Modern technologies of solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for three-dimensional structure determination of proteins open avenues for life scientists. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 15:328–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2017.04.001

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tateda N, Matsuhisa K, Hasebe K, Kitajima N, Miura T (1998) High performance liquid chromatographic method for rapid and highly sensitive determination of histidine using postcolumn fluorescence detection with o-phthaldialdehyde. J Chromatogr B 718:235–241

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ugbogu AE, Akubugwo EI, Uhegbu FO, Chinyere CG, Ugbogu OC, Oduse KA (2014) Quality assessment profile of Jatropha curcas (L) seed oil from Nigeria. Int Food Res J 21(2):735–741

    Google Scholar 

  • Vilches AP, Norstrom SH, Bylund D (2017) Direct analysis of free amino acids by mixed-mode chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 40(7):1482–1492. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201601097

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu H, Wang Q, Ma T, Ren J (2009) Comparative studies on the functional properties of various proteins concentrate preparations of peanut protein. J Food Res Int 42:343–348

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yinuo Z, Yubao W, Haifeng W, Yueming W, Harinder PM, Jianxin L (2018) Nutritional value of detoxified Jatropha curcas seed cake protein isolates using rats as an animal model. Anim Nutr 4:429–434

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • You Shin S, Won-Jin Y, Jaeho H, Dongwon S, Kwang-Won L, Woo-Young L, Kwang-Il K et al (2013) Method validation of 16 types of structural amino acids using an automated amino acid analyzer. Food Sci Biotechnol 22(6):1567–1571

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu J, Aahmedna M, Goktepe I (2007) Peanut proteins concentrate: production and functional properties as affected by processing. Food Chem 103:121–129

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The first two authors acknowledge DTU and UGC for providing research fellowships.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India

    S. Ahluwalia, R. Bidlan, A. K. Shrivastav & J. G. Sharma

  2. Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India

    R. K. Goswami

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India

    P. Singh

Authors
  1. S. Ahluwalia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. R. Bidlan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. A. K. Shrivastav
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. R. K. Goswami
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. P. Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. J. G. Sharma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S. Ahluwalia.

Additional information

Editorial responsibility: Parveen Fatemeh Rupani.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ahluwalia, S., Bidlan, R., Shrivastav, A.K. et al. Optimization of protein extraction from detoxified Jatropha seed cake using response surface methodology and amino acid analysis. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 17, 1087–1100 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-019-02340-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-019-02340-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation