Abstract
As a by-product from oil extraction, high amounts of Jatropha meal with high protein contents are obtained. These are not suitable for feed and food applications. As a consequence, concepts concerning the integrated and sustainable usage of Jatropha curcas seeds are extremely important. To this end protein extraction from the meal is an important process. In this study, the efficiency of an aqueous extraction process in comparison to an enzyme-assisted process for the extraction of denatured proteins were studied systematically. The aqueous extraction process had a protein yield of 76 %. Best parameters for protein extraction are pH 11, 60 °C, while stirring the suspension for 30 min with 200 rpm. To perform the enzymatic protein extraction a screening of commercially available proteases was conducted with 7 exo- and endo-protease preparations. Protease A01 turned out to be most effective in supporting protein solubilization. Optimum conditions for the enzyme assisted extraction process are 0.5 % (w/w) of Protease A01 preparation, pH 8, 55 °C and a reaction time of 60 min. Here a protein yield of 76 % is reached. The degree of hydrolysis was 13 % compared to 1 % for the aqueous process. Protein yields of both processes were comparable.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Jongschaap, R.E.E., Corré, W.J., Bindraban, P.S., Brandenburg, W.A.: Claims and facts on Jatropha curcas L. Plant Research International B.V.(158) (2007)
Brittaine, R., Lutaladio, N.: Jatropha: A Smallholder Bioenergy Crop. The Potential for Pro-Poor Development. Integrated Crop Management 8 (2010)
Juan, J.C., Kartika, D.A., Wu, T.Y., Hin, T.Y.Y.: Biodiesel production from jatropha oil by catalytic and non-catalytic approaches: an overview. Bioresource Technol 102(2), 452–460 (2011)
Nazir, N., Ramli, N., Mangunwidjaja, D., Hambali, E., Setyaningsih, D., Yuliani, S., Yarmo, M.A., Salimon, J.: Extraction, transesterification and process control in biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Tech. 111(12), 1185–1200 (2009)
GEXSI, WWF: Global Market Study on Jatropha. London (2008)
Becker, K., Makkar, H.: Jatropha curcas: a potential source for tomorrow’s oil and biodiesel. Lipid Technol. 20(5), 104–107 (2008)
Makkar, H.P.S., Becker, K., Sporer, F., Wink, M.: Studies on nutritive potential and toxic constituents of different provenances of Jatropha curcas. J. Agr. Food Chem. 45(8), 3152–3157 (1997)
Makkar, H., Becker, K.: Method for detoxifying plant constituents. World Intellectual Property Organization (ed.), WO 2010/092143 A1, Germany, pp. 1–49 (2010)
Francis, G., Oliver, J., Sujatha, M.: Non-toxic jatropha plants as a potential multipurpose multi-use oilseed crop. Ind. Crop. Prod. 42, 397–401 (2013)
Moure, A., Sineiro, J., Dominguez, H., Parajo, J.C.: Functionality of oilseed protein products: a review. Food Res. Int. 39(9), 945–963 (2006)
Alsohaimy, S.A., Sitohy, M.Z., El-Masry, R.A.: Isolation and partial characterization of chickpea, lupine and lentil seed proteins. World J. Agri. Sci. 3(1), 123–129 (2007)
Sussmann, D., Pickardt, C., Schweiggert, U., Eisner, P.: Influence of different processing parameters on the isolation of lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) protein isolates: a preliminary study. J. Food Process Eng. 36(1), 18–28 (2011)
Lusas, E.W., Riaz, M.N.: Soy protein products—processing and use. J. Nutr. 125(3), S573–S580 (1995)
Vioque, J., Sanchez-Vioque, R., Pedroche, J., Yust, M.D., Millan, F.: Production and uses of protein concentrates and isolates. Grasas Aceites 52(2), 127–131 (2001)
Wasche, A., Muller, K., Knauf, U.: New processing of lupin protein isolates and functional properties. Nahrung 45(6), 393–395 (2001)
Saetae, D., Kleekayai, T., Jayasena, V., Suntornsuk, W.: Functional properties of protein isolate obtained from physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) seed cake. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 20(1), 29–37 (2011)
Makkar, H.P.S., Francis, G., Becker, K.: Protein concentrate from Jatropha curcas screw-pressed seed cake and toxic and antinutritional factors in protein concentrate. J. Sci. Food Agr. 88(9), 1542–1548 (2008)
Sterchi, E.E., Stöcker, W.: Proteolytic Enzymes—Tools and Targets. Springer, Berlin (1998)
Treimo, J., Aspmo, S.I., Eijsink, V.G.H., Horn, S.J.: Enzymatic solubilization of proteins in brewer’s spent grain. J. Agr. Food Chem. 56(13), 5359–5365 (2008)
Apiwatanapiwat, W., Vaithanomsat, P., Somkliang, P., Malapant, T.: Optimization of protein hydrolysate production process from Jatropha curcas cake. Eng. Technol. 53, 109–112 (2009)
AOAC: Protein (crude) in animal feed. Official methods of analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) 15 Ed. (1990)
Frister, H., Meisel, H., Schlimme, E.: Opa Method modified by use of N, N-Dimethyl-2-Mercaptoethylammonium chloride as thiol component. Fresen. Z. Anal. Chem. 330(7), 631–633 (1988)
Nielsen, P.M., Petersen, D., Dambmann, C.: Improved method for determining food protein degree of hydrolysis. J. Food Sci. 66(5), 642–646 (2001)
Sousa, I.M.N., Mitchell, J.R., Ledward, D.A., Hill, S.E., daCosta, M.L.B.: Differential scanning calorimetry of lupin and soy proteins. Z. Lebensm Unters For. 201(6), 566–569 (1995)
Morr, C.V., German, B., Kinsella, J.E., Regenstein, J.M., Vanburen, J.P., Kilara, A., Lewis, B.A., Mangino, M.E.: A collaborative study to develop a standardized food protein solubility procedure. J. Food Sci. 50(6), 1715–1718 (1985)
Klibanov, A., Ahern, T.J.: Protein Engineering. Alan R, New York (1987)
Adler-Nissen, J.: Enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins for increased solubility. J. Agr. Food Chem. 24(6), 1090–1093 (1976)
Saetae, D., Suntornsuk, W.: Toxic compound, anti-nutritional factors and functional properties of protein isolated from detoxified Jatropha curcas seed cake. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 12(1), 66–77 (2011)
Hamarneh, A.I., Heeres, H.J., Broekhuis, A.A., Picchioni, F.: Extraction of Jatropha curcas proteins and application in polyketone-based wood adhesives. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 30(7), 615–625 (2010)
Devappa, R.K., Swamylingappa, B.: Biochemical and nutritional evaluation of Jatropha protein isolate prepared by steam injection heating for reduction of toxic and antinutritional factors. J. Sci. Food Agr. 88(5), 911–919 (2008)
Inyang, U.E., Iduh, A.O.: Influence of pH and salt concentration on protein solubility, emulsifying and foaming properties of sesame protein concentrate. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 73(12), 1663–1667 (1996)
Shih, Y.C., Prausnitz, J.M., Blanch, H.W.: Some characteristics of protein precipitation by salts. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 40(10), 1155–1164 (1992)
Zhao, Q., Xiong, H., Selomulya, C., Chen, X.D., Zhong, H.L., Wang, S.Q., Sun, W.J., Zhou, Q.: Enzymatic hydrolysis of rice dreg protein: effects of enzyme type on the functional properties and antioxidant activities of recovered proteins. Food Chem. 134(3), 1360–1367 (2012)
Horton, H.R., Moran, L.A., Scrimgeour, K.G., Perry, M.D., Rawn, J.D.: Biochemie. Pearson Studium, München (2008)
Acknowledgments
This study was financially supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). The authors are grateful to GEA Westfalia Separator AG (Germany) for supplying de-oiled Jatropha residue and to ASA Spezialenzyme GmbH (Germany), AB Enzymes GmbH (Germany) and Novozymes A/S (Denmark) for supplying several proteases preparations. We thank Mrs. Evi Müller and Mrs. Sigrid Gruppe for the chemical analysis.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gofferjé, G., Klingele, S., Stäbler, A. et al. Comparison of Two Protein Extraction Techniques Utilizing Aqueous De-Oiled Residue from Jatropha curcas L. Waste Biomass Valor 5, 33–41 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-013-9229-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-013-9229-8